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2024 NUR 328 SS20 PHARMACOLOGY GVSU EXAM 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NUR 328 SS20 PHARMACOLOGY GVSU EXAM 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NUR 328 SS20PHARMACOLOGY GVSU EXAM 1
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
drug definition - CORRECT-ANSWERSaka medication
any chemical that can affect the human processes
clinical pharmacology defintion - CORRECT-ANSWERSstudy of drugs in
humans
pharmacology incorporation - CORRECT-ANSWERSa science that draws on
information from multiple disciplines, including anatomy, physiology,
psychology, chemistry, and microbiology.
pharmacology definition - CORRECT-ANSWERSstudy of drugs and their
interactions with living systems
identifying ADRs - CORRECT-ANSWERScan be difficult to determine whether
a specific drug is responsible for an observed adverse event
did symptoms appear shortly after the drug was first used?
did symptoms abate when the drug was discontinued?
did symptoms reappear when the drug was reinstituted?
is the illness itself sufficient to explain the event?
are other drugs in the regimen sufficient to explain event?
ADRs to new drugs - CORRECT-ANSWERS50% of new drugs have serious
ADRs that are not revealed during phase II and II of clinical trials
be alert for unusual responses when giving new drugs, because newly
released drugs may have as-yet-unreported adverse effects
drugs that are suspected of causing previously unknown adverse effects
should be reported to MedWatch
ways the pharmaceutical industry can minimize ADRs - CORRECT-
ANSWERSstrive to produce the safest medications possible
ways the prescriber can minimize ADRs - CORRECT-ANSWERSselect the least
harmful drug
balance potential risks with probable benefits
,ways the nurse can minimize ADRs - CORRECT-ANSWERSevaluate the patient
for ADRs
educate patients and families about how to minimize harm
anticipation of ADRs can help minimize them
look at liver (jaundice, liver function tests), kidney (urinalysis, creatinine),
and bone marrow (RBC count) tests
ways the patients and families can minimize ADRs - CORRECT-
ANSWERSwatch for signs that an ADR may be developing
seek medical attention if one appears
patients with chronic disorders are vulnerable to ADRs
MedGuides - CORRECT-ANSWERSFDA approved documents created to
educate patients about how to minimize harm from potentially dangerous
drugs
required when FDA determines that patient adherence to directions for drug
use is essential for efficacy and when patients need to know about
potentially serious effects when deciding whether to use a drug
US Boxed Warnings - CORRECT-ANSWERSaka Black Box Warnings (BBW)
strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market
purpose is to alert prescribers of potentially severe side effects and ways to
prevent or reduce harm
Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) - CORRECT-ANSWERSa plan
to minimize drug-induced harm
medication errors - CORRECT-ANSWERSmajor cause of morbidity and
mortality
documented in landmark reports from the IOM
injure 1.5million people per year
kill 7,000 people/year
where do hospital errors occur? - CORRECT-ANSWERS39% prescribing
12% transcription
11% dispensing
38% administration
interception of hospital medication errors - CORRECT-ANSWERS48%
prescribing
33% transcription
34% dispensing
2% administration
, causes of medication errors - CORRECT-ANSWERS90% of all errors are due to
human factors, communication mistakes, and drug name confusion
of the human factors that cause medication errors... - CORRECT-
ANSWERS29.8% of them are performance deficits
14.2% are knowledge deficits
13% are miscalculation of dosage
ways to reduce medication errors - CORRECT-ANSWERShelp and encourage
patients and their families to be active and informed members of the
healthcare team
create an institutional culture that is dedicated to safety
give healthcare providers the tools and information they need to prescribe,
dispense, and administer drugs as safely as possible
institute safety checklists for high-alert drugs
replace handwritten med orders with computerized orders (decreases errors
by 50%)
have a pharmacist on patient rounds (decreases errors by 66%)
use a barcode system throughout the med process (decreases errors 85%)
do not use error-prone abbreviations
perform medication reconciliation appropriately (decreases errors 70%)
individual variation in drug responses: body weight and composition -
CORRECT-ANSWERSbody surface area vs weight
individual variation in drug responses: age - CORRECT-ANSWERSsignificant
variability with age
infants and older patients especially sensitive to this either because of organ
immaturity or organ degeneration
individual variation in drug responses: pathophysiology - CORRECT-
ANSWERSkidney disease: reduced excretion and increased toxicity
liver disease: reduced metabolism and increased toxicity
A/B balance: pH changes that alter ADME of drugs
altered electrolyte status: rare for electrolytes to have a significant impact
on drug responses
individual variation in drug responses: tolerance - CORRECT-
ANSWERSdecreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug
administration
higher dose required
three types: PD tolerance, metabolic tolerance, tachyphylaxis
PD tolerance - CORRECT-ANSWERSassociated with long term administration
of drugs such as morphine or heroin
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