Class notes
Biol 141 Cellular Energetics Notes
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- University Of Wisconsin - Whitewater
This is a comprehensive and detailed note cellular energetics for Biol 141. *Essential Study Material!!
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Unit 03 AP Biology HyperDoc of Expectations and ResourcesCellular Energetics: 12-16% of AP Exam
Big Ideas~ 1: Evolution (EVO), 2: Energetics (ENE), 3: Information Storage & Transmission (IST), 4: System Interactions (SYI)
EXPECTATIONS:
Topi Learning Targets (I can ) and Success Criteria (I am learning how …)
c Learning targets are in bold with their success criteria listed beneath
3.1 Enzyme Structure
Describe the properties of enzymes. ENE-1.D
The structure of enzymes includes the active site that specifically interacts with substrate molecules.
For an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction to occur, the shape in charge of the substrate must be compatible
with the active site of the enzyme.
3.2 Enzyme Catalysis
Explain how enzymes affect the rate of biological reactions. ENE-1.E
The structure and function of enzymes contribute to the regulation of biological processes-
a. Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation
energy.
3.3 Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function
Explain how changes to the structure of an enzyme may affect its function. ENE-1.F
Change to the molecular structure of a component in an enzymatic system may result in a change of the
function or efficiency of the system-
a. Denaturalization of an enzyme occurs when the protein structure is disrupted, eliminating the ability
to catalyze reactions.
b. Environmental temperatures and pH outside the optimal range for a given enzyme will cause changes
to its structure, altering the efficiency with which it catalyzes reactions.
In some cases, enzyme denaturation is reversible, allowing the enzyme to regain activity.
, Explain how the cellular environment affects enzyme activity. ENE-1.G
Environmental pH can alter the efficiency of enzyme activity, including through disruption of hydrogen bonds
that provide enzyme structure.
RELEVANT EQUATION
pH = -log[H+ ]
Exclusion Statement : Students must understand the underlying concepts and applications of this equation, but
performing calculations using this equation or beyond the scope of the course and the AP exam.
The relative concentrations of substrates and products determine how efficiently an enzymatic reaction
proceeds.
Higher environmental temperatures increase the speed of movement of molecules in a solution, increasing
the frequency of collisions between enzymes and substrates and therefore increasing the rate of reaction.
Competitive inhibitor molecule can bind reversibly or ever reversibly to the active site of the enzyme.
Noncompetitive inhibitors can bind allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme.
3.4 Cellular Energy
Describe the role of energy in living organisms. ENE-1.H
All living systems require constant input of energy.
Life requires a highly ordered system and does not violate the second law of thermodynamics-
a. Energy input must exceed energy loss to maintain order in to power cellular processes.
b. Cellular processes that release energy may be coupled with cellular processes that require energy.
c. Loss of order or energy flow results in death.
Exclusion Statement : Students will need to understand the concept of energy, but the equation for Gibbs free
energy is beyond the scope of the course and the AP exam.
Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential to allow for a more controlled and efficient
transfer of energy. A product of a reaction in a metabolic pathway is generally the reactant for the subsequent
step in the pathway.
3.5 Photosynthesis
Describe the photosynthetic processes that allow organisms to capture and store energy. ENE-1.I
Organisms capture and store energy for use in biological processes-
a. Photosynthesis captures energy from the sun and produces sugars.
i. Photosynthesis first of all and prokaryotic organisms.
ii. Scientific evidence supports the claim that prokaryotic (cyanobacterial) photosynthesis was
responsible for the production of an oxygenated atmosphere.
iii. Prokaryotic photosynthetic Pathways were the foundation of eukaryotic photosynthesis
The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction
pathways that capture energy present in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of
organic molecules.
Explain how cells capture energy from light and transfer it to biological molecules for storage and use.
ENE-1.J
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