HESI RN Pathophysiology Exam Latest Update
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A 23-year-old patient is hit in the temporal portion of his skull during an altercation.
Although he initially loses consciousness, he soon awakens and is conversant. Three
hours later he is experiencing vomiting, drowsiness, and confusion. These symptoms
are most likely related to which type of brain injury?
A. Diffuse axonal
B. Intracerebral
C. Subdural
D. Epidural - CORRECT ANSWER: D. Epidural
The classic presentation of an epidural hematoma is a person hit in the temporal area
with damage to the middle meningeal artery. The patient will lose consciousness at the
time of injury, but there may be a period where consciousness is regained. The patient
will then become more confused and drowsy. This scenario is not typical with the other
types of brain injury.
A 6-year-old has just recovered from streptococcal pharyngitis. Which statement
regarding this child's acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is true?
A. Antibody-antigen complexes of IgM, IgG, and IgA are deposited.
B. The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
C. There is decreased vascular permeability.
D. No signs of inflammation are present. - CORRECT ANSWER: B. The exact
mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
The exact mechanism is unknown, and there are signs of inflammation and glomerular
injury and increased vascular permeability.
A basic neural system to cognitive function would include: Select all that apply.
,A. attentional systems.
B. memory systems.
C. affective or emotive systems.
D. sensory systems.
E. language systems. - CORRECT ANSWER: A. attentional systems.
B. memory systems.
C. affective or emotive systems.
E. language systems.
In this case, sensory systems are not related to cognitive function.
A biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation is a(n):
A. carboxypeptidase.
B. chemotactic factor.
C. fibrin.
D. opsonin. - CORRECT ANSWER: B. chemotactic factor.
A chemotactic factor is a biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of
inflammation. Carboxypeptidase is a plasma enzyme that removes a terminal arginine
on both peptides. Fibrin is an insoluble protein that is the end product of the coagulation
cascade. An opsonin tags pathogenic molecules for destruction.
A cause of a cerebral aneurysm includes: Select all that apply
A. arteriosclerosis.
B. heroin abuse.
C. congenital anomaly.
D. trauma.
E. cocaine abuse. - CORRECT ANSWER: A. arteriosclerosis.
B. heroin abuse.
,C. congenital anomaly.
D. trauma.
E. cocaine abuse.
Meningiomas are located most commonly in the olfactory grooves, on the wings of the
sphenoid bone (at the base of the skull), in the tuberculum sellae (a structure next to the
sella turcica), on the superior surface of the cerebellum, and in the cerebellopontine
angle and spinal cord
A characteristic of a hormone includes: Select all that apply.
A. having specific rates and rhythms of secretion.
B. operating independently of feedback systems.
C. affecting only cells with appropriate receptors.
D. being excreted by the kidneys.
E. having little integration with the nervous system. - CORRECT ANSWER: A. having
specific rates and rhythms of secretion.
C. affecting only cells with appropriate receptors.
D. being excreted by the kidneys.
Hormones do operate within feedback systems that may be positive or negative in
nature. Hormones convey specific regulatory information between cells and organs and
are integrated with the nervous system to maintain communication and control.
A characteristic of a stab wound includes:
A. the injury is deeper than it is long.
B. the injury is longer than it is deep.
C. there is a broken bone.
D. there is significant crush injury. - CORRECT ANSWER: A. the injury is deeper than it
is long.
, The injury is deeper than it is long. There is little crush injury because the object used is
sharp and it makes a clean entrance. An injury that is longer than it is deep is
considered an incised wound. A broken bone is a fracture.
A characteristic of Alzheimer disease includes: Select all that apply.
A. rapid onset of symptomology.
B. short-term memory loss.
C. increased irritability and agitation.
D. anxiety and depression.
E. remissions resulting in cognitive clarity. - CORRECT ANSWER: B. short-term
memory loss.
C. increased irritability and agitation.
D. anxiety and depression.
Alzheimer disease is characterized with short-term memory loss, increased irritability
and agitation, as well as anxiety and depression. Its onset of symptoms is gradual, and
there are no remissions that allow for cognitive clarity.
A child has been noted to have hypertension with decreased pulses in the lower
extremities. Which condition is the most likely congenital cause for this finding?
A. Tricuspid atresia
B. Atrial septal defect
C. Pulmonary stenosis
D. Coarctation of the aorta - CORRECT ANSWER: D. Coarctation of the aorta
Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the lumen of the aorta that impedes blood
flow. This is often found with hypertension and diminished or absent lower extremity
pulses. Children with pulmonary stenosis may have a systolic ejection murmur. There
may be exertional dyspnea and fatigability. Atrial septal defects have a murmur. With
tricuspid atresia there may be cyanosis, growth failure, and dyspnea.
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