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LING 115 Fall Fina questions with complete solutions 2024
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LING 115 Fall Fina questions with complete solutions 2024
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LING 115 Fall Final (Units 2, 7, 8, 9, 10,11)
national language - correct answer ✔used to stimulate feelings of patriotism,
represent the nation, and unify the population
symbols: national anthem, national flag, holidays, achievements of the nation
official language - correct answer ✔OLs are established for pragmatic
reasons - to help people in their daily activities. OLs are not symbolic.
- OLs are specified for:
(a) area of life/activity (e.g. teaching in schools, use in government
administration etc.)
(b) geographical area - either all of a country, or a sub-part - a
state/province/region.
What type of nation usually has the same language as NL and OL? - correct
answer ✔nations with homogeneous populations like France, Japan, and
Korea where 90% of the population comes from one ethnic group
NL and OL in Paraguay - correct answer ✔Official Language: Spanish
National Language: Guarani
NL and OL in Tanzania - correct answer ✔Official Language(s): Swahili,
English
National Language: Swahili
,NL and OL in Singapore - correct answer ✔Official Languages: Malay,
Mandarin, Tamil, English
National Language: Malay
NL and OL in Democratic Republic of Congo - correct answer ✔- Official
language: French
- National language(s): Lingala, Tshiluba, Kikongo, Swahili
- having multiple NLs: attempt to recognize different groups in the population
two common patterns for how bilingualism is established - correct answer ✔-
Simultaneous bilingualism: L1 and L2 are both acquired from an early age,
often in the home (e.g. mother and father speak different languages to their
children)
- Consecutive bilingualism: L2 is acquired after L1, typically before teenage
years, often when children start school
language planning - correct answer ✔effort to change the function and use of
a language in a particular society by formally assigning it a special status/ role
(2)
Step 1 of language planning - correct answer ✔Step 1: status planning
- give special roles to certain languages/varieties, selecting new NLs and OLs
Step 2 of language planning - correct answer ✔Step 2: corpus planning
- further developing the languages selected in Step 1:
- develop vocabulary for use in all areas of life
- create dictionaries
- decide pronunciation and grammatical rules
,- standardization
- decide how the language should be written
Step 3 of language planning - correct answer ✔Step 3: Promotion of new
NLs/OLs
- spread knowledge of NLs/ OLs
Ways of promotion:
- education for younger members of a population
- radio and television programming
- incentives for people who learn the new language
Step 4 of language planning - correct answer ✔Step 4: winning acceptance
- encourage people to use and be proud of/have respect for the new NL/OL
- emphasize the practical value of a new NL/OL
- goal: make people naturally enthusiastic to use their NL/OL
unilingual national / official langauge policy - correct answer ✔choosing a
single language for both OL and NL
modern Japan as an example of successful unilingual langauge planning -
correct answer ✔Before modern times, no common form of Japanese
Step 1: in 1916, the government selected the variety spoken in Yamanote,
Tokyo as the model
, Step 2: the variety is standardized
Step 3: it is spread through mass education and media
Step 4: widespread acceptance was won for the new NL
pro/con of multiple NLs - correct answer ✔- Advantage: avoids
inter-ethnic/regional discontent and conflict due to favoring a single NL
- Disadvantage: weakens the potential unifying force of having a single NL
example of country with multiple NLs - correct answer ✔Democratic Republic
of Congo (OL: French, 4 NLs: Swahili, Kikongo, Lingala, Tshiluba)
What can be done if a new NL doesn't have a large vocabulary suited to
modern life (science, education, commerce, etc)? - correct answer ✔-
Rapidly develop the NL with new words and standardize the NL as quickly as
possible
- Add another language as OL, either permanently or temporarily while NL is
being developed
pro/con of multiple OLs - correct answer ✔- advantage: all segments of a
population have equal linguistic advantages
- disadvantage: very expensive. All official materials have to be produced in
multiple languages
pro/con of no NL, only an OL - correct answer ✔- advantages: ethnically
neutral, OL is already standardized so doesn't need to be developed further
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