CNIT 240/344 Exam 2 Guaranteed A
Characteristics of IPv4: ️ - Connectionless - "Best-effort" delivery - Unreliable - Media independent ---
What does connectionless networking mean? ️
The sender doesn’t know if the receiver is present or has received the packet, and the recei...
The sender doesn’t know if the receiver is present or has received the packet, and the receiver is
unaware that the packet is coming.
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Why is "best-effort" delivery unreliable? ✔️
It lacks the ability to manage and recover from lost or corrupted packets.
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Why does IP function efficiently at the Network Layer? ✔️
Protocols at other layers handle reliability.
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What does it mean that IPv4 is media independent? ✔️
,IPv4 is unconcerned with the physical medium, focusing instead on the Maximum Transmission Unit
(MTU) and using fragmentation to ensure packets are correctly sized to fit the MTU.
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Fragmentation: ✔️
Intermediary devices, like routers, break up packets when transmitting them from one medium to
another with a smaller MTU.
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MTU size comparison: ✔️
Fiber > Wireless > Copper Ethernet > Copper Serial
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Major parts of an IPv4 packet header: ✔️
- Time to Live (TTL)
- Upper layer protocol (TCP/UDP)
- Flags and offset for fragment reconstruction
- 32-bit source and 32-bit destination addresses
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What is time to live (TTL)? ✔️
The maximum number of hops a packet can take before being considered undeliverable.
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,Benefits of separating hosts into networks: ✔️
- Enhanced performance
- Improved security
- Better address management
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What kind of addressing does IPv4 use? ✔️
A two-level hierarchy: network and host.
---
Octet: ✔️
8 bits.
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What is the benefit of the hierarchy in IPv4 addressing? ✔️
Routers only need to recognize the network portion, not individual host addresses.
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What does a 1 bit in the subnet mask indicate? ✔️
The associated address bit is part of the network number.
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What does a 0 bit in the subnet mask signify? ✔️
, The associated address bit is part of the host number.
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Two methods of expressing subnet masks: ✔️
- Classful routing
- Classless routing
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What is classful routing? ✔️
The traditional method that uses dotted decimal notation.
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What is classless routing? ✔️
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), where an IP address is followed by a slash and the number of
network bits, with the remainder assigned to the host.
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Two types of addresses in networking: ✔️
- MAC address (Layer 2, physical)
- Network address (Layer 3, logical)
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What is the default gateway? ✔️
The address of the router interface, which must be on the same network as all hosts.
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