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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS RESISTANCE (AMR) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS $9.00   Add to cart

Exam (elaborations)

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS RESISTANCE (AMR) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS RESISTANCE (AMR) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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  • September 23, 2024
  • 43
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • AMR
  • AMR
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34 Multiple choice questions

Definition 1 of 34
genetic change

Transposon-mediated resistance (Transposon)

Resistance plasmid (Resistance factor, R factor)

Most drug-resistant microbes emerge as a result of

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis by antimicrobial

,Definition 2 of 34
1- MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
- bacteria resistant to the action of methicillin
- related beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin and cephalosporin).
- S. aureus develop into two types of MRSA:
1- HA is hospital acquired.
2- CA is community acquired.
2-VRSA (Vancomycin-resistant Staph. aureus)
3-VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci).
4-ESBL Extended-Spectrum beta-lactamase
- producing Gram-negative bacteria
- plasmid-associated beta lactamases
- found in the Enterobacteriaceae
- capable of hydrolyzing
1- penicillins
2- many narrow spectrum cephalosporins
3- many extended-spectrum cephalosporins
4- monobactams
5-Mycobacterium tuberculosis: INH, rifampin.
- Infections that are acquired during a hospital visit are called "hospital acquired infections" or
nosocomial infections.
- when the infectious disease is picked up in the non-hospital setting it is considered
"community acquired"

Resistant pathogens


Selective Toxicity

ideal antimicrobial drug

antimicrobial drugs

,Definition 3 of 34
- extra chromosomal
- double stranded
- circular DNA molecules
- carry gene for different of enzymes that can degrade antibiotics and modify membrane
transport system

Plasmids

Reasons for bacterial resistance


Resistance plasmid (Resistance factor, R factor)

The Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents

Definition 4 of 34
- Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S (30S and 50S)
- Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S (40S and 60S)
- Drugs can selectively target translation
1- Chloramphenicol ,erythromycin clindamycin act on the 50S subunit
2- tetracycline and aminoglycosides act on the 30S subunits.




Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis by antimicrobial

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

, Definition 5 of 34
- drugs form channel through cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity.
- Polymyxin disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-negatives
- Amphotericin B attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes. (bacteria lack sterols not
susceptible )

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

The Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents


Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes

Definition 6 of 34
1- Define the plasmid
2- Why it is important
3- Resistance plasmid

Origin of Drug Resistance

Plasmid-mediated resistance

Why plasmid is very important

Transposon-mediated resistance (Transposon)

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