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ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Name: Score:20 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 20
How can the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can result in the overgrowth of C. difficile?
- Spontaneous mutations: arise during normal DNA replication. simple nucleotide
substitutions or deletions made during normal chromosomal replication can result in
high levels of resistance
- Horizontal gene transfer occurs from already live bacteria to already live bacteria, but
spontaneous mutation occurs vertically through binary fission
- Taking broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs may kill an infection, but it also kills your
microbiota because broad spectrum drugs target many types of bacteria. This that
causes C. diff to flourish
- C. diff produces endospores that are drug resistant and difficult to resolve
- Human waste can contaminate water and soil
- Drug resistant bacteria develop in animals
- Human and animals come into contact and share bacteria
- Pharmaceutical companies released drugs into the environment, elating to more
resistance
- Vertical gene transmission occurs through binary fission, therefore occurs from parent
to offspring
- Horizontal gene tranmission occurs from already live bacteria to other already live
bacteria, through the movement of genetic material from a donor organism to a
recipient organism
,Term 2 of 20
Compare and contrast three basic types of AMR: intrinsic, physiological and genetic change.
- Transformation: DNA from a dead bacterium is taken up by a live bacterium
- Conjugation: DNA is transferred between bacteria that are physically joined
- Transduction: Involves phages moving DNA from one bacterium to another
Intrinsic:
- Some bacteria posses structural features that prevent a particular type of anti-
microbial drug from working
- It is an inherent feature of the cell and does not change over time
Physiological:
- Transient
- Cells in a stationary phase (such as a biofilm) can enter Ann altered physiological state
that prevents them from being affected by antimicrobial drugs
- Antimicrobial cells mainly work on actively dividing cells, so they don't really work on
Persisters because they don't divide
- Genetic:
- Genetic Changes that allow cells to resist drug action
- Inherited by all subsequent generations of cells
- Can occur through spontaneous mutations or horizontal gene transfer
- Taking broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs may kill an infection, but it also kills your
microbiota because broad spectrum drugs target many types of bacteria. This that
causes C. diff to flourish
- C. diff produces endospores that are drug resistant and difficult to resolve
Antibiotic resistance is driven by a combination of germs exposed to antibiotics, and the
spread of those germs and their mechanisms of resistance.
1. Lots of germs. A few are drug resistant.
2. Antibiotics kill bacteria causing the illness, as well as good bacteria protecting the
body from infection
3. The drug resistant bacteria are now allowed to grow and take over
4. Some bacteria give their drug-resistance to other bacteria, causing more problems
,Term 3 of 20
How is vertical gene transmission different from horizontal gene transmission?
- Vertical gene transmission occurs through binary fission, therefore occurs from parent
to offspring
- Horizontal gene tranmission occurs from already live bacteria to other already live
bacteria, through the movement of genetic material from a donor organism to a
recipient organism
- Taking broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs may kill an infection, but it also kills your
microbiota because broad spectrum drugs target many types of bacteria. This that
causes C. diff to flourish
- C. diff produces endospores that are drug resistant and difficult to resolve
- Qualitative: Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay
- Quantitative: Etest
- MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration): The minimum amount of drug required to
inhibit or kill the bacterium.
- Most drugs exhibit adverse effects at high concentrations
- Most drugs can cause damage at high concentrations, so the goal is to prescribe an
amount that lies within the therapeutic window
- The therapeutic window is the concentration of drug that inhibits the microbe without
harming the host
, Term 4 of 20
What are two reasons why new antimicrobial drugs have not been developed?
- those mutations can have a significant effect on the resistance of a bacterial
population to an antimicrobial medication
- Acinetobacter
- Candida Auris (Yeast/Fungus)
- Clostridioides Difficile
Enterobacteriacae
- Neisseria Gonorrheoae
- Global surveillance and cooperation
- Responsibilites of physicians and healthcare workers
- The high cost of drug development and testing
- The specter or new antibiotic resistance
Term 5 of 20
Antibiotics are useful for treating the flu.
True
False
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