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AMR EXAM 2 CUMULATIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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AMR EXAM 2 CUMULATIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Name: Score:208 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 208
Enterobacter spp
bacteria tend to not be free-floaters but they grow upon surfaces
multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site, antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and
the immune response affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment
Gram -
part of HGM (intestines)
ubiquitous
Opportunistic pathogens
Gram -
part of intestines in HM
51k infections per yr, 13% multi drug resistant
Term 2 of 208
K.pneumoniae is known to cause:
Highly pathogenic among immunocompromised individuals
• Infection can be cause by endogenous or acquired pathogen
• Leading cause of community-acquired and nosocominal pneumonia
• Up to 50% mortality rate
multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site, antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and
the immune response affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment
AA substitutions decrease binding affinity of quinolones
most common AA subsitutions localized to GyrA and ParC subunits that bind quinolones
and responsible for DNA breakage reunion
1) donor cell attaches to receipient cell with pilus, pilus draws the cells together
2)cells contact one another
3)one strand of plasmid DNA transfers to receipient
4)the reciepient synthesizes a complementary strand to become an F+ cell, donor
synthesizes a complementary strand, restores complete plasmid
,Term 3 of 208
Antibiotic protein replacement
The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as
transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different
organisms.
OMKO1 phage penetrates biofilms--> the virus replicates and disrupts the biofilm matrix-
-> antibiotics can penetrate and kill exposed cells that the virus didnt get to
Presence of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species • Antimicrobial peptides • Antibiotics •
Antibacterial agents (i.e. triclosan) • Membrane damaging biocides
alternate proteins with same functions as antibiotic target
replaces activity of other antibiotic sensitive proteins in presence of antibiotics
methicillin resistant binding protein
Term 4 of 208
tetR
codes for a protein that degrades teta mrna
codes for an activator protein that enhances teta expression
codes for a protein that transports teta out of the cell
codes for a repressor protein that binds promoter regions to block own expression and
the expression of tetA
Term 5 of 208
Which two countries have the lowest prevalence of MRSA
Japan and Canada
U.k and Japan
United States and Germany
Canada and Netherlands
,Term 6 of 208
Inactivation of antibiotics by Gonnerhea can be caused by:
Bacterial resistance
Extended spectrum carbapenemases
1. sinusitis 2. cns 3. keratitis 4. otitis 5. cochlear implant 6. burn infections 7. iv catheter
infections 8. prosthetic valves 9. pacemaker infections 10.endocarditis 11.biliary stent
infection 12.peritoneal dialysis catheter 13.prosthetic join infection 14.urinary stent
infection 15.iv stent infection 16.cystic fibrosis 17.ventilatorassociated pneumonia 18.breast
implant infection
Class c- cephalosporinases
Term 7 of 208
Tripartite transenvelope pumps in Gram (-) bacteria work by elevating MIC values __ fold
2-8
7-8
2-4
3-8
Term 8 of 208
75% of bacterial infections are associated with biofilms (T/F)
True
False
Term 9 of 208
You need a concentration that is both non-toxic and enough to eliminate bacteria
True
False
, Term 10 of 208
Some antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of biofilms are
Cephalosporinases (6 different ones)
1) Enterobacter
2)Citrobacter Freudii
3)Serratia Marcescens
4)Morganella Morganii
5)Hafnia alvei
6) Providencia stuartii
the overall increase in a positive charge leading to electrostatic repulsion of the
positively charged lipopeptide molecules
1) physical barrier
2) antibiotic degradation
3)Persister cells
4)Biofilm- specific efflux pumps
5)Stress responses
biochemical modification of antibiotics that increases steric hinderance as a result the
antibiotic looses its ability to recognize targets and the MIC increases
Term 11 of 208
Some common biofilm harboring devices include but are not limited to:
Highly pathogenic among immunocompromised individuals
• Infection can be cause by endogenous or acquired pathogen
• Leading cause of community-acquired and nosocominal pneumonia
• Up to 50% mortality rate
: High absolute number of people, or high proportion of use in patients with serious
infections in health care settings affected by bacterial diseases for which the
antimicrobial class is the sole or one of few alternatives to treat serious infections in
humans
Heart-associated implants (ventricular-associated devices, shunts, pacemakers,
defibrillators, valves) • Mechanical ventilators & endotracheal intubation • Catheters •
Breast implants •
Joint Prosthetics
Decreased cross-linking exposes more D-ala-D-ala peptides that bind VM•
Bound VM forms a barrier around the cell
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