Test Bank For
Foundations of Nursing Research, 7th edition by Rose Marie
Nieswiadomy, Catherine Bailey
Chapter 1-20 Complete Guide
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview will cover fundamental concepts, applications,
and implications relevant to the study of business taxation.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based
on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single
individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also
means personal liability for debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are
considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-
1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners (shareholders). C-
Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are
pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of
partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax
planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole
Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose
owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners
are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the
corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type
of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs
are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a
fundamental principle
Chapter 1 Development of Nursing Research
1) What is the best reason that scholars consider Florence Nightingale to be the first nurse
researcher?
A) She changed nursing by basing her practice on her research findings.
B) She identified a body of knowledge unique to nursing.
C) She collected data in a systematic fashion.
D) She communicated the data collected to other nurses.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Florence Nightingale used the research process as an entity and did not merely
use some aspects of the research process. She used this systematic approach and its resultant
findings to change nursing practice.
B) Only in recent years have nurses concentrated on establishing a unique body of nursing
knowledge. This has occurred in the years since Nightingale.
C) Although Nightingale did begin systematically making and recording data, it was her
admonishment that all nurses do the same that began to change nursing.
D) Whereas Nightingale used observations to influence practice in her sphere of control, it is
unclear how widely she was able to disseminate the information.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Nurs./Integ. Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation
Learning Outcome: LO 05. Summarize the development of nursing research and future
priorities.
2) Research is important to the nursing profession for many reasons. What is the ultimate goal of
nursing research?
A) Document the cost-effectiveness of nursing care.
B) Ensure credibility of the nursing profession.
C) Promote evidence-based practice in nursing.
D) Provide accountability for the nursing profession.
1
,Answer: C
Explanation: A) Whereas cost-effective nursing care is important, it is not as important as
providing optimum care. Many would argue that cost-effectiveness is a part of optimum care.
B) Whereas nursing research will help to establish credibility of the nursing profession, this
result is not as important as providing optimum care to the client.
C) The major reason for conducting research is to foster optimum care for clients. Evidence-
based practice is nurses making clinical decisions based on the best research evidence, the
nurse's clinical expertise, and the health preferences of the client.
D) Whereas nursing research does provide rationale for nursing actions, thereby promoting
accountability, this is not as important as providing optimal care to the client.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Nurs./Integ. Concepts: Nursing Process: Planning
Learning Outcome: LO 02. Describe four goals for conducting nursing research.
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview will cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business taxation.---
### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.-
**Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal
liability for debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners'
individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability
protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through
entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be
taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.-
**Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: -
Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.-
**Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of
shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed
as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle
3) The National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR) establishes research priorities. Which
option reflects a study that meets the current mission of the NINR?
A) The effect of nurse-led community education on the prevalence of heart disease
B) The number of students entering nursing programs
C) The efficacy of a specific medication therapy for congestive heart failure
D) The job satisfaction level of currently employed nurses
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Promoting health and preventing disease is an area of research emphasis for the
NINR. Evaluating the effects of nurse-led community education about health matches this area
of emphasis.
B) Nursing workforce numbers is not an area of the NINR's current research emphasis. The areas
are promoting health and preventing disease and disability, managing symptoms, and improving
palliative and end-of-life care.
C) Research into medication efficacy is not an area of the NINR's current research emphasis. The
areas are promoting health and preventing disease and disability, managing symptoms, and
improving palliative and end-of-life care.
D) Job satisfaction among nurses is not an area of the NINR's current research emphasis. The
areas are promoting health and preventing disease and disability, managing symptoms, and
improving palliative and end-of-life care.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Nurs./Integ. Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Learning Outcome: LO 05. Summarize the development of nursing research and future
priorities.
2
,4) Nurses involved in research assume different roles, based on their level of education. Which
best describes the role of the BSN-prepared nurse in research?
A) Collaborates with other nurses to design research studies
B) Critiques research studies and applies research to clinical practice
C) Develops policy based on nursing research findings
D) Assumes the role of primary investigator in an independent research study
Answer: B
Explanation: A) This is the role of the master's-prepared nurse.
B) BSN-prepared nurses should read research critically and determine if results are ready to be
used in practice.
C) This is the role of the nurse who holds a practice-focused doctorate.
D) This is the role of the nurse who holds a research-focused doctorate.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Nurs./Integ. Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation
Learning Outcome: LO 04. Describe the various roles of nurses in research.
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview will cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business taxation.---
### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.-
**Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal
liability for debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners'
individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability
protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through
entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be
taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.-
**Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: -
Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.-
**Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of
shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed
as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle
5) Which option reflects the "authority" approach to knowledge development?
A) The nurses on the unit have used a variety of approaches to a client care problem, trying to
find one that is effective.
B) A nurse approaches a client care situation in a specific manner because "that is what seems to
be the best thing to do."
C) When asked why client care is organized in the current manner, the nurse manager states,
"We've always done it that way."
D) When faced with a question regarding provision of nursing care, the nurse consults a nursing
textbook for instruction.
Answer: D
Explanation: A) A series of attempts to solve a problem until a solution is reached is called trial
and error.
B) This approach is the use of nursing intuition.
C) This statement reflects the use of "tradition" in the use of nursing knowledge.
D) This nurse is gaining nursing knowledge by using an authority source, the nursing textbook.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Nurs./Integ. Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
Learning Outcome: LO 05. Summarize the development of nursing research and future
priorities.
6) The nurse researcher is conducting a study to help a nursing unit solve the problem of
3
, increased postprocedure infections in clients who have undergone transurethral prostatectomy.
Which type of nursing research is this researcher conducting?
A) Basic research
B) Applied research
C) Quantitative research
D) Qualitative research
Answer: B
Explanation: A) Basic research is conducted to develop, test, and refine theories and generate
new knowledge.
B) Applied research is directed toward generating knowledge that can be used in seeking
solutions to current clinical problems, whereas basic research is conducted to generate new
knowledge.
C) Quantitative research is concerned with objectivity, tight controls over the research situation,
and the ability to generalize findings. There is not enough information in this question to
determine if this is a quantitative study.
D) Qualitative research is concerned with the subjective meaning of experience to individuals.
There is not enough information in this question to determine if this is a qualitative research
study.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Nurs./Integ. Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation
Learning Outcome: LO 02. Describe four goals for conducting nursing research.
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview will cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business taxation.---###
Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole
Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for
debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates.
Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners
(shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on
ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship,
partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: -
Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share
of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations
are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies
(LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax
Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle
7) What is generally considered the most valid means of developing the knowledge base of
nursing?
A) Scientific research
B) Evidence-based practice
C) Qualitative research
D) Outcomes research
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Through scientific research, nurses can determine what they do, how they do it,
and what distinguishes them from other groups in healthcare. These are attributes of a
profession's unique body of knowledge.
B) Evidence-based practice involves the use of research findings but does not entail the broader
perspective of a body of nursing knowledge.
C) Qualitative research is concerned with the subjective meaning of an experience to an
individual and is a type of research approach. Whereas qualitative research may be used to
develop nursing knowledge, this is not a complete answer to this question.
D) Outcomes research is concerned with measurable outcomes of interventions and the cost-
effectiveness of care. Whereas outcomes research may be used to develop nursing knowledge,
this is not a complete answer to this question.
Cognitive Level: Understanding
4
