Exam (elaborations)
BCMAS 6 AND 7 EBM AND CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGNS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BCMAS 6 AND 7 EBM AND CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGNS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Name: Score:44 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 44
__________ shows that the treatment is what caused the observed effect (only important in causal
studies such as clinical trials).
observational bias
internal validity
external reliability
descriptive accuracy
Term 2 of 44
What kind of endpoint?
- survival? disease exacerbation? clinical event such as MI or stroke?
composite endpoint
objective endpoint
direct endpoint
subjective endpoint
,Term 3 of 44
What is the PICO method?
- conclusion is made that there is no difference when one actually exists
- failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
1. define the problem
2. retrieve the literature
3. evaluate the literature
4. identify the applicability of evidence
5. develop conclusive clinical judgement and recommendation
Method that helps identify a problem & provide necessary information for literature
searching.
- patient/problem
- intervention
- comparison of interventions
- outcome
- clinical expertise
- clinical evidence
- patient centered values
Term 4 of 44
Sensitivity is also called ______________. Tests with high sensitivity have low ___________________.
- quasi-experiements (non-randomized, controlled trials)
- randomized, controlled trials
- case reports
- case series
- cross-sectional studies
- case-control/cohorts
- true positive rate A/(A+C)
- false negative rate C/(A+C)
- observational designs
- experimental designs
- meta-analyses
,Term 5 of 44
Describe the Type 1 (a) error.
- conclusion is made that there is a difference when none exists
- rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true
- quasi-experiements (non-randomized, controlled trials)
- randomized, controlled trials
- case reports
- case series
- cross-sectional studies
- case-control/cohorts
- conclusion is made that there is no difference when one actually exists
- failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
Term 6 of 44
______________ is the ability of the diagnostic test to correctly identify individuals with the disease.
specificity
sensitivity
accuracy
predictive value
Term 7 of 44
_______ is the systemic error in sampling & measurement that leads to inaccurate results &
incorrect conclusions.
sampling frame
random error
bias
systematic review
, Term 8 of 44
Hierarchy of quality of evidence from strongest to weakest?
1. define the problem
2. retrieve the literature
3. evaluate the literature
4. identify the applicability of evidence
5. develop conclusive clinical judgement and recommendation
1. clinical practice guidelines
2. meta-analysis/systematic reviews
3. randomized-controlled trials
4. quasi-experiements
5. observational-analytic studies (cohort & case control)
6. observational-descriptive studies (cross sectional studies, case series, & case reports)
7. expert opinions & narrative reviews
- observational designs
- experimental designs
- meta-analyses
subjective endpoint
Term 9 of 44
A __________ is not a bias but a distortion that affects the validity of the results. _____________ variables
can be mitigated at the design phase using _____________ or at the analysis phase using
______________________.
Specificity
incidence
- confound
- confounding variable
- the matching techniques
- multivariate & regression analysis
- meta-analysis
- systemic reviews
- multiple
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