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Test Bank For Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences - 5th - 2015 All Chapters - 9781285077024
Test Bank For Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences - 5th - 2015 All Chapters
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,Test Bank For Research Methods for the Behavioral SciencesAnswers to Hands-On Experience Questions
Answers to Hands-On Experience Questions
Note: The additional Hands-On Experience Questions are found on the Online Study and Teaching Centers.
CHAPTER 1
In-Text Hands-On Experience Questions
1. Students can find relevant articles in newspapers or magazines. They may be assigned to discuss and
critique each other’s reports.
2. The first and third research reports seem to describe applied research. Applied research investigates issues
that have implications for everyday life and tries to provide solutions to them. The other three research
reports seem to describe basic research, because they are designed to answer underlying questions for the
purpose of gaining better knowledge and not necessarily to solve problems of everyday life.
3. Students can develop their own examples.
Online Hands-On Experience Questions
1. All of the examples are opinion unless there is some empirical evidence to support them. But all of the
examples could be tested. The following represent some possibilities:
Women and men could be compared in their ability to get someone to like them.
A series of piano lessons could be given to a group of children and a group of adults.
If dogs can be trained, whereas cats cannot, one might argue that dogs are smarter.
A controlled experiment in which students studied for an exam with music or in quiet conditions could be
created.
2. The observed correlation shows that students with higher SAT scores are also most likely to have higher
college GPAs. Also, students with good high school GPAs and good study habits usually do well in
college. All of these relationships are positive correlations—for instance, the higher the SAT score the
higher the college GPA. On the other hand, interfering social problems have a negative correlation with
GPA—the more social problems a student faces the lower her or his college GPA. The correlations indicate
that college GPA scores will be highest if a student had a high GPA in high school, few social problems,
and good study habits. The limitation of the research is that although it allows prediction, prediction does
not mean that these factors cause a higher or lower GPA. Correlation doesn’t prove causality, but only
shows that the variables are related.
3. There are many ways to collect data that might help in determining the meaning of why, on average,
African Americans score lower on standardized exams compared to European Americans. For example, the
effects of social variables could be tested by comparing white and black students who live in the same
communities, and who have similar SES. This comparison would establish whether white students still do
better if their social surroundings are taken into consideration. The same type of comparison could be made
between African Americans and whites if a standardized test were developed that culturally favored black
students. For example, one could create a test that contained situations relating to the lifestyles blacks
typically encounter. If the African-American students do better on these tests than the whites, then one
might propose that a bias may exist in the standardized exam format. In these situations the scientist is
1
,Test Bank For Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences
Answers to Hands-On Experience Questions
temporarily eliminating particular benefits or disadvantages to one group and focusing on differences due to
race alone.
4. It is worth finding and reading these articles because they represent an interesting and scholarly debate
about the political and scientific merits of reporting or not reporting sex differences.
5. Students can write up or present their findings to the class
CHAPTER 2
In-Text Hands-On Experience Questions
1. Each of the proposed hypotheses is falsifiable.
2. Some examples include:
Helping can improve one’s life satisfaction.
People with high self-confidence are more willing to help others.
Paranoia can lead to aggressive behavior.
Brain lesions can produce paranoia.
Better memory is related to better academic performance.
Using mnemonic devices can improve our memory.
Good problem solving skills lead to success in mathematics.
Success on a math test leads to high self-esteem.
People’s color preferences influence their choice of work environments.
Our current mood state influences our current color preferences.
Achievement in one’s career can produce life satisfaction.
Life satisfaction can result in more helping behavior.
3. Most of the examples can be tested using either correlational or experimental designs, but in some cases one
or the other approach may be preferable.
Online Hands-On Experience Questions
1. Students can locate their own references.
2. Students can develop their own hypotheses.
3. Students can find their own articles.
4. Students can find their own articles.
5. The problem with this research hypothesis is that it is tautological. The research hypothesis must state a
particular direction of the expected relationship. Research hypotheses that predict either positive or
negative correlations cannot be disconfirmed.
CHAPTER 3
In-Text Hands-On Experience Questions
1. Each study has its own potential ethical problems. Students can be encouraged to make their own decisions
about whether the potential benefits exceed the potential costs of the research. In each case it should be
questioned whether informed consent was or could have been used (that is, were the participants given free
2
, Test Bank For Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences
Answers to Hands-On Experience Questions
choice as to their participation?), and whether the participants were or could have been adequately
debriefed. Then the research should be examined in terms of its potential for causing psychological harm to
the participants. When deception is used, the fact that the participants were not fully informed about the
nature of the research is relevant. Alternative approaches include simulation studies.
2. A student should probably be assigned as a class delegate for this project, or the chair could be invited to the
class.
3. Students can draw their own conclusions in this regard.
Online Hands-On Experience Questions
1. This dilemma can be used as a basis for discussion about the ethical treatment of animals. Do animals
really have the same status as humans, as is proposed by animal-rights activists?
2. Milgram’s experiment on obedience raises serious ethical problems. In the study, participants were
subjected to an abnormally high level of psychological and emotional stress. This experiment could have
many lasting effects on the participants involved. For instance, the subjects probably learned something
about themselves that they didn’t want to know—that they would harm another person just because an
authoritative person told them to. This resulting knowledge may force feelings of shame or guilt.
Fortunately in today’s society with the ethical guidelines provided by the scientific community, this type of
research could never be conducted. Potential gains must be viewed in relation to potential costs, and in this
particular case, the costs were too high.
3. Students can present their interpretations to the class.
CHAPTER 4
In-Text Hands-On Experience Questions
1.
CONFORMITY:
(1) Number of times a person gives in to persuasion
(2) Number of clubs one joins
(3) Time it takes to clap when someone else starts
ENJOYMENT OF READING:
(1) Number of books read
(2) How long it takes to finish a book
(3) Frequency of purchasing “leisure” books
LEADERSHIP:
(1) Frequency of participation in class
(2) How long it takes to volunteer an answer in class
(3) Number of clubs in which one has a leadership role
PARANOIA:
(1) Frequency of looking over one’s shoulder
(2) Number of seconds, after hearing noise, that one looks up
(3) Number of locks on one’s doors
INDEPENDENCE:
3
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