Unlock a deeper understanding of DNA with these comprehensive, meticulously organized notes. Crafted for students, this guide covers all essential DNA concepts, including structure, replication, transcription, and gene expression. Each topic is explained in detail, with clear definitions and diagra...
DNAIRNA
STORE ALL THE INFORMATION THAT CONTROL CELLULAR ACTIVITY $ DEVELOPMENT → ORGANISM
CONN TROLLING THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS
CHEMICAL PROCESSES INSIDE CELLS
$ STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF ALL ORGANISM
NUCLEIC ACIDS
① Deoxy ribonucleic acid
② Ribonucleic acid
DNA
Found in nucleus
Forms an important part of chromosomes → chromatin network
CHROMATIN =
chromosomal material made up of DNA , RNA 8 histone protein
⇐ --
PERCENTAGE OF BASE
A T G C
PAIRS
::'m'T! !!:L:D:
• "
so so 2020
=)
.
.
: :*
⇐
-
DOUBLE HELIX
EXTRANUCLEAR DNA
Found in mitochondria and chloroplasts
UNITS → DNA
LONG CHAIN [ POLYMER ] MADE UP OF SMALL UNITS [ MONOMERS ]
-
-
Building blocks → nucleotides -
,
strong bonds I
← weak hydrogen bonds
> sugar molecule
-
deoxyribose Cs) l
- -
> phosphate molecule ( P) h /
- l
>
Nitrogenous base -
-
l nucleotide
A- Adenine
]
T Thymine foundation of the
code
G Guanine genetic
C cytosine
lntftructlng cells on how to synthesize proteins
different nucleotides
'
. . 4
A- = T G E C
, NCH isolate DNA molecule
fused rings
Is E
2
PURINES EXTRACTION OF DNA
SHOULD
PYRIMIDINES § I ring of similar
but smaller release as much DNA as possible
MINIMIZE DNA degradation
-15 tfmte
'
be efficient
BASE PAIR PURINE Supp Your
→
A I 1 PYRIMIDINE
salt ethanol =
simple thigh yielding
1-10W ORGANISMS DIFFER DNA extracted by MANUAL METHODS is less pure than
the code of DNA Isolated by COMMERCIAL KITS
sequence of nucleotides → determine genetic an
organism
ROLE
•
carry hereditary information ( GENES )
GROWTH 8 DEVELOPMENT
* *
•
provide blueprint for organisms by coding for protein synthesis
replicate info copied 8 passed on to each
daughter
'
• can . .
genetic is cell
REPLICATION
the process of making a new DNA molecule from an
existing DNA molecule ( identical to original)
in nucleus @ INTERPHASE ( in between cell divisions )
Necessary : to ensure genetic code → passed onto each daughter cell
ti
# # l
→
y
! IDENTICAL
→ 2
'
a- -
1111111 I → DOUBLE
11/11/11 I Ip T T T- HE LIKES
1111441
→
.
Process catalysed by enzyme
DNA
-
-
polymerase
I
\
- Free nucleotides in the
Unwinds nucleoplasm become attached
/
Double helix
bonds break to their matching base pair
wealthy
Each single chain of base -
exposed
v
-
2 DAUGHTER DNA
MOLECULES EACH
TWIST TO FORM
CHROMOSOME
← A DOUBLE HELIX
WHICH WINDS
AROUND HISTONE
PROTEIN
RNA → MADE IN NUCLEUS t INVOLVED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
SINGLE STRAND
STRAND = much shorter MRNA
a
SUGAR RIBOSE RNA → tRNA
→ rRNA
A- UGC
t÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
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