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ADVANCED PATHO N5315 ENDOCRINE MODULE 8 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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ADVANCED PATHO N5315 ENDOCRINE MODULE 8 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Name: Score:25 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 25
A student asks the health care professional why obese people are at higher risk for
hypertension than non-obese individuals. What response by the professional is best?
The produce more angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen is a precursor of angiotensin I,
which, converted to angiotensin II, is a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensinogen is
produced both by the liver and by adipocytes; therefore obese individuals have more,
leading to increased vasoconstriction and increased systemic vascular resistance which
leads to high blood pressure
Obesogens are exogenous chemicals related to the development of obesity. They can
be found in a variety of items such as person care products, plastics, pesticides, food
products, and other household and consumer products. Some of them can cross the
placental barrier and be transmitted through breast milk. They produce epigenetic
changes in gene regulation and expression
The production of the contractile protein α-myosin heavy chain is stimulated by T3 in the
heart. T3 also stimulates the production of the sarcolemma ion pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase
pump, Ca++ ATPase pump) and the β-adrenergic receptors.
Adipose tissue has multiple functions including providing insulation and mechanical
support, secreting adipokines, and heat generation
,Term 2 of 25
What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?
Calcitonin is secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid. It functions to lower serum calcium
by preventing the bone resorption effects of PTH, prostaglandins and calciferols by
blocking osteoclastic activity. It is also responsible for lowering serum phosphate levels
and decreasing GI absorption of calcium and phosphorus
-secrete epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
-stress to body triggers release of adren catech through ACH which depolarizes the
chromaffin cells.
Catechol: activate adrenergic receptors on cell membranes of all visceral organs and
smooth muscles and promote hyperglycemia
-synthesized from beta cells (proinsulin)
-secretion occurs when beta cells are stimulated by parasympathetic nervous system
-can be stimulated by elevated glucose levels, amino acids, and GI hormones such as
glucagon, gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinnin
-Insulin levels drop b/c of sympathetic ns of beta cells, low glucose level, high insulin
levels and prostaglandins
glucocorticoids: steroid hormones and have metabolic, neurologic, antiinflammatory,
immunosuppressive, and growth suppressing effects
-released under stress conditions
Cortisol: stimulate production of ACTH, b & Y-lipotropin, endorphins, and enkephalins
ACTH: regulates cortisol secretion
high cortisol: suppress Cortotropin-RH and ACTH
,Term 3 of 25
Thyroid hormone effects on the heart
The production of the contractile protein α-myosin heavy chain is stimulated by T3 in the
heart. T3 also stimulates the production of the sarcolemma ion pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase
pump, Ca++ ATPase pump) and the β-adrenergic receptors.
glucocorticoids: steroid hormones and have metabolic, neurologic, antiinflammatory,
immunosuppressive, and growth suppressing effects
-released under stress conditions
Cortisol: stimulate production of ACTH, b & Y-lipotropin, endorphins, and enkephalins
ACTH: regulates cortisol secretion
high cortisol: suppress Cortotropin-RH and ACTH
The GI tract releases hormones and adipokines that contribute to patho of
obesityLeptin: obesity gene: high levels inhibit appetite, low increase appetite decrease
energy
-secrete epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
-stress to body triggers release of adren catech through ACH which depolarizes the
chromaffin cells.
Catechol: activate adrenergic receptors on cell membranes of all visceral organs and
smooth muscles and promote hyperglycemia
, Term 4 of 25
What does calcitonin do?
-regulated by TSH from anterior pituitary: the uptake of iodine is regulated by TSH
-T4 (90%) and T3 (10%)
-Thyroxine (used with 1mg/wk of iodine)
-A low level of thyroid hormone
stimulates the release of thyroid-releasing factor, stimulates the release of TSH, then
stimulates the thyroid to release more T3 and T4
Calcitonin is secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid. It functions to lower serum calcium
by preventing the bone resorption effects of PTH, prostaglandins and calciferols by
blocking osteoclastic activity. It is also responsible for lowering serum phosphate levels
and decreasing GI absorption of calcium and phosphorus
-alpha cells secrete glucagon
-beta cells secrete gastrin
-delta cells secrete gastrin and somatostatin
-F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid and
inhibits cholecystokinin secretion
-Pancreatic somatostatin regulates the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas by inhibiting
insulin and glucagon.
Amylin: beta cells, regulate glucose concentration by delaying gastric emptying and
suppressing glucagon secretion
Glucagon: antagonizing insulin and increases blood glucose levels during times of
fasting, exercise and hypoglycemia
-stimulates glycogenolysis
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