The expectoration of blood from respiratory tract. - ANS Hemoptysis
Aspiration of air and fluid from pleural space
Performed for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes - ANS thoracentesis
Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in blood. Manifested by changes in mental status, dysp...
The expectoration of blood from respiratory tract. - ANS Hemoptysis
Aspiration of air and fluid from pleural space
Performed for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes - ANS thoracentesis
Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in blood. Manifested by changes in mental status, dyspnea,
increase in BP, changes in HR, dysrhythmias, central cyanosis, diaphoresis, cool extremities
usually leads to hypoxia - ANS hypoxemia
Decrease in O2 supply to tissues and cells. - ANS hypoxia
ABG's assess ________ and _____ _____ _______ - ANS oxygenation, acid-base
balance
Lungs can expel CO2 by ____ ventilation - ANS increasing
Lungs can retain CO2 by _____ ventilation - ANS decreasing
For the elderly between 60-70 y/o the PaO2 decreases 1 mmHg every year until normal on
PaO2 on RA is _____ and is a normal sign of aging. - ANS 70
With respiratory acidosis, the body excretes ___ and retains ___ - ANS H+, HCO3-
With respiratory alkalosis, the body retains ___ and excretes ___ - ANS H+, HCO3-
With metabolic acidosis, the body excretes ___ and ___ - ANS CO2 and H20
With metabolic alkalosis, the body retains ___ and ___ - ANS CO2 and H20
Normal base excess/deficit - ANS -2 to +2
Base excess >+2 - ANS too much (ex. loss of gastric fluids)
Base deficit <-2 - ANS lactic acid problem or DKA
, Causes associated with Respiratory Acidosis (HYPOventilation) - ANS -decreased
alveolar-capillary diffusion of gases (PE, PNA, CAL)
-decreased chest expansion (burn, abd binder)
-airway obstruction (foreign body, tumor)
-resp depression (anesthesia, opioids)
Interventions for Respiratory Acidosis (HYPOventilation) - ANS TREAT SYMPTOM NOT
CAUSE
-intubate/ventilator
-give meds (bronchodilators)
If PE=anticoag therapy
if burn=escharotomy
if foreign body=heimlich
tumor=could be growing into lumen of bronchi
opioids=give antagonist
Causes associated with Respiratory Alkalosis (HYPERventilation) - ANS -fear (assess
what is causing it)
-febrile (try to bring down temp)
-anxiety (breathe in paper bag)
Causes associated with Metabolic Acidosis - ANS -Increased H+ production (DKA,
starvation, lactic acidosis)
-Decreased H+ elimination (renal failure)
-Decreased HCO3- production (pancreatic disease, renal failure)
-Increased HCO3- elimination (diarrhea)
Interventions for Metabolic Acidosis - ANS DKA=insulin drip
Lactic acidosis=intubation/vent
Renal failure/pancreatic disease=supplemental HCO3-
diarrhea=antidiarrheals
S/S of Metabolic Acidosis - ANS Kussmaul respirations
deep and rapid to get off excess CO2
Causes associated with Metabolic Alkalosis - ANS -Increased HCO3- intake (antacids)
-Increased H+ elimination (diuretics, vomiting, NGT to suction)
S/S of Metabolic Alkalosis - ANS shallow, slow breaths (trying to compensate and hold
onto CO2)
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