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Pathophysiology NSG 533 Exam 1 Questions With All Correct Answers 2024/2025
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Pathophysiology NSG 533 Exam 1 Questions With All Correct Answers 2024/2025
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Pathophysiology NSG 533 Exam 1What are the 5 important additives of pathophysiology? - ANS1. Etiology (Causative
mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (hazard factors and distribution in populations)
three. Pathogenesis (ailment mechanism)
four. Clinical manifestations (symptoms, signs and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or loss of life)
The "why" of disease- what's the purpose for it- what prompted it to occur? May be
simple/complicated. - ANSetiology
Looks at the sample of disease among corporations or aggregates or populations. This issue of
sickness represents the relationship between severa population characteristics (e.G. Age,
ethnicity, socioeconomic reputation, geographic region) and the prevalence and prevalence of
disorder. - ANSEpidemiology
Involves the collection of occasions that happens between the stimulus occasion(s) and the
manifestations of the sickness. - ANSpathogenesis
Tell an man or woman and their fitness care company that something is inaccurate. E.G. Signs
and symptoms - ANSClinical manifestations
Are especially smooth to apprehend in case you evaluate their definitions (remedy, remission,
chronicity, or loss of life) - ANSOutcomes
What are the four not unusual mechanisms that signify all cellular harm and death? Give 2
examples of every. - ANS1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation harm, ischemia reperfusion
damage, microbial killing via phagocytes, and cell ageing
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady nation- Ischemia and sure chemical
compounds
four. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medicines which could result in liver or kidney
damage
The sickness mechanism this is the premise of a lot of the sickness today- and maximum of the
instances contain hypoxia. Refers to the incapacity of the cell to provide adequate electricity to
gasoline normal activities of that precise cellular type (cellular membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function. - ANSATP depletion
,A very inefficient approach of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - ANSglycolysis
Is a completely green approach of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - ANSOxidative
Phosphorylation
What is the most commonplace approach of impairing oxygen and ATP production? -
ANShypoxia
Can result in irreversible cellular damage directly via impairment of electricity manufacturing in
the cell. - ANSIschemia
What are the cell events that arise with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? - ANS1. The quantity
of ATP manufacturing within the mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP reasons NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then ends in growth in
NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cellular and decrease in K+ in cellular.
3. Increase in water in mobile causes cell and it is organelles to swell.
Four. When RER swell it is ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
Five. ATP production via phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism) will
increase. When glycolysis will increase inside the cellular glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as spinoff. Glycolysis also = intracellular pH decline ( the
mobile features within slim range of pH or even mild drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material referred to as pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear fabric (karyorrhexis) after which to dissolution of nuclear membrane
(karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and launch of proteolytic
enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and mobile membrane.
8. Disruption of CM additionally increases Ca+ influx into the mobile and organelles= prompt
proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to break the mobile.
Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a selected affinity for
lipid substances. They integrate avidly with cellular or organelle membrane. "Drill a hollow"
within the membrane of mobile. They are regular byproducts of cell metabolism, and they are
continually present in the body. - ANSFree radicals
Chemically reactive molecules which might be formed as herbal oxidant species in cells during
mitochondrial breathing and energy technology. Most resources come from the mitochondria.
Made all through the process of creating ATP. - ANSReactive oxygen species (ROS)
Remove unfastened radicals and ROS from our device. - ANSAntioxidants
When unfastened radicals are produced in quantities that weigh down our antioxidants or while
antioxidants are decreased. - ANSOxidative Stress
, What can occur in the cellular while harm is triggered by way of unfastened radicals? - ANS1.
Membrane harm
2. Protein modifications
three. Mutations in DNA
4. Damage to mobile signaling pathways
Genetic disturbances can be _______ if they contain the germ cell line of an person -
ANSinherited
Genetic disturbances also can be _______ by way of exposure to a few mutagenic/
carcinogenic environmental factors - ANSacquired
Enzymes secreted with the aid of microorganisms can breakdown cellular membranes once
delivered into the body= _______
Allows the organisms to dissolve surrounding tissues and lets in them to transport deeper into
the tissues, blood, and lymphatics. - ANSlysis with the aid of enzymes
Certain viruses, after they have inflamed a mobile, will reason membrane rupture as newly
produced viral particles (virions) depart the host cell= ________. Sometimes known as lytic
viruses. Examples include HIV and Hep B. - ANSLysis by way of virus
Involve the peculiar accumulation of materials that are typically observed in the body
(endogenous agents) or now not normally discovered inside the body (exogenous marketers). -
ANSMetabolic derangements
Give 2 examples of endogenous accumulations in the frame. - ANS1. Lipids: Fatty modifications
occurs most customarily in liver cells but also can be problem in myocardial cells. Liver handles
fats and synthesizes complicated fats and lipoproteins. Slow accumulation of fats within hepatic
or myocardial cells normally does not impair the feature of these cells till the hassle is
excessive. However, fatty trade can arise in acute basis and may lead to acute heart or liver
failure.
2. Bilirubin: Pigment launched while RBCs destroy down/destroyed. Bilirubin is released/diffuses
into blood where it's miles called unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin is
fat-soluble and can't be removed through kidney (urine). So, it's taken up with the aid of liver
cells bound to a substance referred to as glucuronic acid and becomes bilirubin glucuronide or
conjugated (direct) bilirubin. Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble and may be removed thru the
kidney.
Describe the two approaches wherein conjugated bilirubin leaves the liver cells. - ANS1. As
concentration of conjugated bilirubin inside the liver cells increases, it starts offevolved to diffuse
out of the cell into the blood (down its attention gradient).
2. In addition, a number of the conjugated bilirubin becomes a part of a substance referred to as
bile; bile exits the liver mobile thru the hepatic duct and common bile duct after which into the
duodenum.
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