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Test Bank for Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data 6th Edition By Michael Sullivan
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Test Bank for Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data 6th Edition By Michael Sullivan
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Test Bank for Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data6th Edition By Michael Sullivan
Statistics - ANSWER It is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and
analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions. In addition, statistics
is about providing a measure of confidence in any conclusion.
Population - ANSWER The entire group to be studied is called this.
Individual - ANSWER This is a person or object that is a member of the population
being studied.
Sample - ANSWER It is a subset of the population that is being studied
Statistic - ANSWER It is a numerical summary of a sample
Descriptive statistics - ANSWER This consist of organizing and summarizing
data.This describes data trough numerical summaries, tables, and graphs
Inferential statistics - ANSWER This uses methods that take a result from a sample,
extend it to the population,and measure the reliability of the result
Parameter - ANSWER This is a numerical summary of a population
Qualitative (or categorical) variables - ANSWER These allow for classification of
individuals based on some attribute or characteristic
Quantitative variables - ANSWER These provide numerical measures of individuals.
The values of this can be added or subtracted and provide meaningful results.
Discrete variable - ANSWER This is a quantitative variable that has either a finite
number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. The term
countable means that the values result from counting, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.
This cannot take on every possible value between any two possible values.
Continuous variable - ANSWER This is a quantitative variable that has an infinite
number of possible values that are not countable. A continuous variable may take on
every possible value between any two values.
Nominal level - ANSWER A variable is at this level if the values of the variable name,
label, or categorize. In addition, the naming scheme does not allow for the values of
the variable to be arranged in a ranked or specific order
Ordinal level - ANSWER A variable is at this level if it has the properties of the
nominal level, however the naming scheme allows for the values of the variable to be
arranged in a ranked or specific order
, Interval level - ANSWER A variable is at this level if it has the properties of the
ordinal level of measurement and the differences in the values of the variable have
meaning. A value of zero does not mean the absence of the quantity. Arithmetic
operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on values of the
variable.
Ratio level - ANSWER A variable is at this level if it has the properties of the interval
level and the ratios of the values of the variable have meaning. A value of zero
means the absence of the quantity. Arithmetic operations such as multiplication and
division can be performed on the values of the variable.
Observational study - ANSWER This study measures the value of the response
variable without attempting to influence the value of either the response or
explanatory variables. That is, in this kind of study, the researcher observes the
behavior of the individuals without trying to influence the outcome of the study
Designed experiment - ANSWER If a researcher assigns the individuals in a study to
a certain group, intentionally changes the value of an explanatory variable, and then
records the value of the response variable for each group, the study is this kind of
study
Confounding - ANSWER This occurs in a study when the effects of two or more
explanatory variables are not separated. therefore, any relation that may exist
between and explanatory variable and the response variable may be due to some
other variable or variables not accounted for in the study
Lurking variable - ANSWER This is an explanatory variable that was not considered
in a study, but that affects the value of the response variable in the study. In addition,
these are typically related to explanatory variables considered in the study
Confounding variable - ANSWER This is an explanatory variable that was
considered in a study whose effect cannot be distinguished from as second
explanatory variable in the study.
Cross-sectional studies - ANSWER These studies collect information about
individuals at a specific point in time or over a very short period of time
Case-control studies - ANSWER These studies are retrospective, requireing
individuals to look back in time or require the researcher to look at existing records.
Individuals who have a certain characteristic may be matched with those who do not
Cohort studies - ANSWER This study first identifies a group of individuals to
participate in the study. Then, this group is observed over a long period of time
Census - ANSWER This is a list of all individuals in a population along with certain
characteristics of each individual
Random sampling - ANSWER This is the process of using chance to select
individuals from a population to be included in the sample
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