PSYC 388 INTRODUCTION TO
COUNSELLING UNIT 1 COUNSELLING
IN CANADA STUDY GUIDE
ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY
, lOMoAR cPSD| 42147428
STUDY GUIDE
Unit 1 Counselling in Canada: History and Trends
Learning Objectives
1. Define counselling in your own words, using the CCPA definition as a basis for your
definition.
Counselling aims to help others learn to improve their own decision making and problem-solving
skills by developing a relationship between client and professional. Improving the clients over all
well-being by addressing issues and providing solutions based on the client’s needs and own
decisions is an important main goal of the counselling professional. (MY OWN WORDS)
2. Describe the similarities and differences between guidance, counselling, and
psychotherapy.
Counsellors work with individuals, groups, families, and systems which are experiencing current
and long-term issues. Focus on development, prevention, and treatment to improve overall life
style.
Psychotherapy: P. 6 Similar process as counselling - may use biological treatments (medication)
or talk therapy.
Guidance: the process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives (choosing
a preferred life style)
Guidance VS Counselling
Guidance focuses on helping individuals choose what they value most, counselling focuses on
helping them make changes.
3. List the major events that influenced the development of counselling from before 1900 to
2000.
Before 1900: used to be just advice or information but eventually demanded change for
humanity after the Industrial revolution. Social justice influenced development of Canadian
counselling beginning with child and youth counselling. The Moral Therapy movement was
imported from France in 1850 promoting psychological problems to be treated more humanely.
Originally, counsellors thought of themselves more as teachers, social reformers, and advocates
for children, and young adults which influenced education regarding child welfare, educational
guidance, and addressed legal issues. Moral instruction also started gaining momentum.
1900-1909: The mental health movement as well as the vocational guidance movement
originated from the United States into Canada. Frank Parsons and Clifford Beers influenced
counselling history greatly. Frank Parsons was considered the founder of guidance as his focus
reflected growth and prevention. He was also known as a broad scholar, persuasive writer,
activist and great intellect. Parsons also founded Boston’s vocational Bureau in 1908. His theory
consisted of choosing a vocation using three factors of: knowledge or work, knowledge of self,
and matching of the two through “true reasoning” Clifford Beers was hospitalized numerous
times for mental illness and depression. During his time in mental institutes, he exposed the poor
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