NURS 617 EXAM 1 2024-2025 WITH ACTUAL
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Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
a. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
b. Cells have broken through the local basement membrane
c. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
d. Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.
a. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
Rationale: Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
squamous cell origin. These early-stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have not broken
through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers to changes
in mature cell structure.
Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to do what?
a. Encourage secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors
b. Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
c. Divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own use
d. Stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply
b. Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
Rationale: Cancer cells must have mutations that enable them to proliferate in the absence of
external growth signals. To achieve this, some cancers acquire the ability to secrete growth factors
that stimulate their own growth, a process known as autocrine stimulation. The other options
describe other activities of cancer cells but not autocrine stimulation.
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,Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of
chromosome 14. This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?
a. Gene amplification
b. Chromosome function
c. Chromosome translocation
d. Point mutation
c. Chromosome translocation
Rationale: Chromosome translocations, in which a piece of one chromosome is translocated to
another chromosome, can activate oncogenes. One of the best examples is the t(8;14) designates a
chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. A point mutation
is the alteration of one or a few nucleotide base pairs. Gene amplification is the result of repeated
duplication of a region of a chromosome, so that instead of the normal two copies of a gene, tens or
even hundreds of copies are present. Chromosome fusion occurs during translocation.
Research has shown a link between cancer and which sexually transmitted disease?
a. Syphilis
b. Gonorrhea
c. Pelvic inflammatory disease
d. Human papillomavirus
d. Human papillomavirus
Rationale: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in the United
States. High risk, or oncogenic, HPVs can cause cancer. A persistence of infection with high-risk HPV is
a prerequisite for the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions and invasive
cervical cancers. No research supports such a link between syphilis, gonorrhea, or pelvic inflammatory
disease and cancer.
Research has supported that alcohol consumption has a convincing impact on increasing the risk of
which cancers? (Select all that apply.)
a. Pharynx
b. Lung
c. Pancreas
d. Breast
a. Pharynx
d. Breast
The world Health Organization (WHO) defines grade1 (overweight) as which BMI range?
a. 30 to 39.9
b. 18 to 24.9
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, c. 25 to 29.9
d.40 to 50.9
c. 25 to 29.9
Which environmental factors have been shown to have greatest significant effect on the frequency of
genetic mutations in humans? (Select all that apply.)
a. Radiation exposure
b. Tobacco use
c. Obesity
d. Stressful occupation
e. Severe allergies
a. Radiation exposure
b. Tobacco use
c. Obesity
Rationale: The number of environmental factors can alter the frequency and consequences of genetic
mutations. The most significant factors include smoking, radiation, obesity, and a few oncogenic
viruses. Allergies and stress have not been strongly linked as risk factors for genetic mutations.
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte (in days)?
a. 100 to 120
b. 200 to 240
c. 20 to 30
d. 60 to 90
a. 100 to 120
Rationale: Because it cannot undergo miotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span of up to
approximately 120 days.
What is the lifespan of platelets (in days)?
a. 120
b. 30
c. 90
d. 10
d. 10
Rationale: A platelet circulates for approximately 8 to 11 days and ages. Macrophages of the
mononuclear phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets.
Fetal hematopoiesis occurs primarily in which structure?
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