Exam (elaborations)
PN 2003 FINAL EXAM
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Exam of 10 pages for the course PN 2003 at PN 2003 (PN 2003 FINAL EXAM)
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PN 2003 FINAL EXAMInsulin - ANSWER A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for
the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
insulin independence - ANSWER Ability of a client's own naturally produced insulin
to regulate blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
insulin resistance - ANSWER the inability of the cells to respond to insulin
What is hyperglycemia? - ANSWER high blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia - ANSWER Polyphagia, polydipsia,
polyuria, fatigue, and blurred vision - later signs include pruritis, dry mouth,
confusion, fruity odor of the breath, abdominal pain, or coma.
What is hypoglycemia? - ANSWER low blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - ANSWER Shakiness, anxiety,
nervousness, diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache - late signs
include seizures, loss of consciousness, and death.
What is Alzheimer's disease? - ANSWER Dementia that is characterized
behaviorally by anterograde amnesia (can remember the past but cannot form new
memories). Visual memory is also impaired, leading to confusion with regard to
orientation.
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - ANSWER Stage 1. No apparent symptoms
Stage 2. Forgetfulness
Stage 3. Mild cognitive decline
Stage 4. Mild-to-moderate cognitive decline
Stage 5. Moderate cognitive decline
Stage 6. Moderate-to-severe cognitive decline
Stage 7. Severe cognitive decline
what are characteristics of vascular dementia? - ANSWER Vascular Dementia is
caused by small cerebral infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the
onset is more rapid, and the disease progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the
brain
Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
, - inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? S&S? What is front temporal dementia? - ANSWER Dementia is
an irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting
- memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and symptoms of dementia - ANSWER Impairment in abstract thinking,
judgment, and impulse control
Disregard for the conventional rules of social conduct
Neglect of personal appearance and hygiene
Language may or may not be affected
Personality changes are common
what is frontal temporal dementia - ANSWER Frontal Temporal Dementia is
characterized by neuronal atrophy affecting the frontal lobes of the brain rather
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques as seen in Alzheimer's.
- shrinking of the frontal lobes of the brain
changes in frontal temporal dementia - ANSWER Language Abnormalities
- logorrhea: unfocused speech
- echolalia: spontaneous repetition of words/phrases
- palilalia: compulsive repetition of phrases
Behavioral Changes
- either withdrawn of disinhibited
Picks disease (most common)
- subtype of frontal temporal dementia
- pick bodies (silver staining intracytoplasmic inclusions in neocortex and
hippocampus)
what is depression in older adults? - ANSWER Depression is prolonged sense of
sadness and hopelessness lasting longer than 2 weeks
- diminished interest in activities
- weight loss
- insomnia (sleep disturbances)
- psychomotor agitation, fatigue
- impaired concentration (Short attention span)
What is delirium? - ANSWER A disoriented reaction with restlessness and
confusion that may be associated with fear and hallucinations
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