Question: What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Insulin deficiency
C) Excessive carbohydrate intake
D) Increased glucagon secretion
Correct Answer: B) Insulin deficiency
Explanation: In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the body’s immune system attacks and destroys insulin-
producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an insulin deficiency. Without sufficient insulin,
glucose cannot enter the cells and remains in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia.
2.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?
A) Peripheral edema
B) Jugular venous distention
C) Pulmonary congestion
D) Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C) Pulmonary congestion
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure results in the inability of the left ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the lungs. This causes pulmonary congestion, which
manifests as symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, and crackles on auscultation.
3.0
Question: In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), what structural change occurs in the
airways?
A) Airway dilation
B) Airway narrowing
C) Increased mucus production
D) Loss of elastic recoil
Correct Answer: D) Loss of elastic recoil
Explanation: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation that leads to structural changes in the
airways, including the loss of elastic recoil. This makes it difficult for the lungs to expel air, resulting
in airflow limitation and difficulty breathing.
4.0
Question: Which stage of inflammation involves the migration of white blood cells to the site of
injury?
A) Vascular stage
B) Cellular stage
C) Tissue repair stage
, D) Hemostasis stage
Correct Answer: B) Cellular stage
Explanation: The cellular stage of inflammation involves the migration of white blood cells
(leukocytes) to the site of injury or infection. These cells help to eliminate pathogens and begin the
process of tissue repair.
5.0
Question: What is a common complication of untreated hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
C) Hypertension
D) Hyperthyroidism
Correct Answer: B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
Explanation: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of untreated hyperglycemia,
particularly in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. It occurs when the body starts breaking down fats for energy
due to the lack of insulin, leading to the production of ketones, which can cause the blood to become
acidic.
6.0
Question: What is the primary function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
A) To destroy pathogens directly
B) To regulate the immune response
C) To repair damaged tissue
D) To produce antibodies
Correct Answer: B) To regulate the immune response
Explanation: Cytokines are signaling proteins released by cells, particularly immune cells, that help
regulate the immune response by promoting inflammation, attracting immune cells to the site of
infection or injury, and facilitating communication between cells.
7.0
Question: Which of the following is a hallmark sign of chronic inflammation?
A) Redness and heat
B) Swelling and pain
C) Granuloma formation
D) Fever and chills
Correct Answer: C) Granuloma formation
Explanation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the formation of granulomas, which are small areas
of inflammation containing macrophages and other immune cells. Granulomas form when the
immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but cannot eliminate.
, 8.0
Question: What is the primary cause of fluid overload in heart failure?
A) Increased sodium intake
B) Decreased renal perfusion
C) Excessive fluid intake
D) Increased cardiac output
Correct Answer: B) Decreased renal perfusion
Explanation: In heart failure, decreased cardiac output leads to reduced renal perfusion. This
triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), causing sodium and water retention,
which contributes to fluid overload.
9.0
Question: Which of the following is a common complication of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)?
A) Pulmonary embolism
B) Pneumothorax
C) Cor pulmonale
D) Asthma
Correct Answer: C) Cor pulmonale
Explanation: Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right side of the heart fails due to increased
resistance in the pulmonary arteries, often caused by chronic lung diseases like COPD. This leads to
right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually heart failure.
10.0
Question: What is the primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus?
A) To prevent hypoglycemia
B) To manage hyperglycemia
C) To reduce insulin resistance
D) To promote weight loss
Correct Answer: B) To manage hyperglycemia
Explanation: The primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus is to
manage hyperglycemia by monitoring blood glucose levels, administering insulin or other
medications as prescribed, and educating patients on diet and lifestyle modifications to maintain
optimal blood sugar control.
11.0
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of acute inflammation?
A) Granuloma formation
B) Fibrosis
, C) Exudate production
D) Tissue necrosis
Correct Answer: C) Exudate production
Explanation: Acute inflammation is characterized by the production of exudate, which is a fluid rich
in proteins and cellular debris that leaks out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. This helps
to dilute toxins and bring immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
12.0
Question: In the context of heart failure, what does the term “afterload” refer to?
A) The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
B) The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
C) The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per minute
D) The pressure in the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Correct Answer: B) The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
Explanation: Afterload refers to the resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
through the systemic circulation. Increased afterload can make it more difficult for the heart to pump
blood, contributing to heart failure.
13.0
Question: What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in asthma?
A) Loss of elastic recoil
B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C) Increased mucus production
D) Structural changes in the airways
Correct Answer: B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, which lead
to narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing. These changes are often triggered by allergens,
irritants, or other stimuli.
14.0
Question: Which of the following is a common sign of right-sided heart failure?
A) Pulmonary congestion
B) Peripheral edema
C) Orthopnea
D) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Correct Answer: B) Peripheral edema
Explanation: Right-sided heart failure results in the inability of the right ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the systemic circulation. This causes peripheral edema,
particularly in the lower extremities.
