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NUR 317 Respiratory Exam Questions And Accurate Answers
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NUR 317 Respiratory Exam Questions AndAccurate Answers
primary function of the respiratory system
respiration
upper respiratory tract
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea
lower respiratory tract
bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
respiratory defense mechanisms
filtration of air, mucociliary clearance system, cough reflex, reflex bronchoconstriction,
alveolar macrophages
anatomy of lower airways
trachea to bronchi to segmental bronchi to subsegmental bronchi to bronchioles to
alveolar ducts and alveoli
surfactant
a lipoproprotein that lowers the surface tension of the alveoli, which are unstable and
have the natural tendency to collapse so they secrete this, it is secreted when deep
breaths stretch the alveoli
atelectasis
collapsed, airless alveoli, caused from a deficit of surfactant
altered breathing and lung expansion, anesthesia, decreased mobility, pain
why are post-op pt's at risk for atelectasis?
chest wall
ribs, mediastinum, pleura, diaphragm
physiology of respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 through the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries
,Elasctic recoil
Compliance and resistence
Arterial blood gases, Mixed Venous blood gases, Oximetry
Control of Respiration
Chemoreceptors respond to changes in PaCO2 and pH in the central and peripheral
system, Mechanical receptors to a variety of physiological factors
pH
7.35-7.45
CO2
45-35
HCO3
22-26
PaO2
80-100
Normal Oxygenation
PaO2: 80-100
SpO2: 94+
Mild Hypoxemia
PaO2: 60-79
SpO2: 90
Moderate Hypoxemia
PaO2: 40-59
SpO2: 88
Severe Hypoxemia
PaO2: <40
SpO2: <75
objective data for resp system
, physical exam- nose, mouth, pharynx, neck, thorax and lungs
-inspect
-palpate
-percussion
-auscultate
adventitious breath sounds
crackles (rales)
wheezing
stridor
pleural friction rub
crackles (rales)
discontinuous clicking or rattling like salt on a hot pan, velcro, or hair between fingers
course crackles
low pitched bubbling inspiration to expiration
fine crackles
high-pitched, discrete, discontinuous crackling sounds heard during the end of
inspiration; not cleared by a cough
wheezing
high-pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a
narrowed airway
stridor
strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx
or larynx or trachea
pleural friction rub
grating inflammation between visceral and parietal pleura
diagnostic studies for respiratory
sputum samples and skin tests (TB or allergy), bronchoscopy, lung biopsy,
thoracentesis, transbronchial biopsy, spirometry, exercise testing, pulmonary
angiogram, ventilation-perfusion scan
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