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Cultural Anthropology Exam 2 with verified answers
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Cultural Anthropology Exam 2 with verified answers
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Cultural Anthropology Exam 2 withverified answers
environmental anthropology - ANSWERS✔✔ subfield of anthropology that studies how
different societies understand, interact with, and make changes to nature
cultural landscape - ANSWERS✔✔ culturally specific images, knowledge, and concepts of
the physical landscape that affect how people will actually interact with the landscape
foodways - ANSWERS✔✔ structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production,
distribution, and consumption of food (culturally constructed!!)
modes of subsistence - ANSWERS✔✔ how people actually procure, produce, and distribute
food (societies are rarely committed to a single one)
foraging - ANSWERS✔✔ search for edible things (i.e. hunter-gatherers)
horticulture - ANSWERS✔✔ small-scale subsistence agriculture (simple tools and low
impacts on the landscape)
pastoralism - ANSWERS✔✔ raising of animal herds
intensive agriculture - ANSWERS✔✔ large-scale, often commercial, agriculture
swidden agriculture - ANSWERS✔✔ slash and burn agriculture (to improve nutrient-poor
soils)
,animal husbandry - ANSWERS✔✔ breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals
such as cattle, camels, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks (mainly for milk, blood, and
hair, not butchering; typically requires constant movement)
intensification - ANSWERS✔✔ processes that increase yields (e.g. preparing the soil, using
technology, using a large labor force, managing water resources, and modifying plants and
soils; can create environmental problems)
industrial agriculture - ANSWERS✔✔ industrial principles to farming, including
specialization, mechanization, obtaining land, and labor, seeds, and water as commodities
on the open market (problems: nonrenewable energy and overproduction)
taste - ANSWERS✔✔ refers to both the physical sensation on the tongue and social
distinction and prestige
ethnoscience - ANSWERS✔✔ study of how people classify things in the world, usually by
considering some range or set of meanings
ethnobiology - ANSWERS✔✔ indigenous ways of naming and codifying living things
traditional ecological knowledge - ANSWERS✔✔ indigenous ecological knowledge and its
relationship with resource management strategies
carrying capacity - ANSWERS✔✔ population an area can support
Thomas Malthus - ANSWERS✔✔ eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that
population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth
would always outstrip increases in agricultural production
ecological footprint - ANSWERS✔✔ measurement of what people consume and the waste
they produce (heightened by consumer capitalism!!)
, Green Revolution - ANSWERS✔✔ transformation of agriculture in the Third World that
began in the 1940s, through agricultural research, technology transfer, and infrastructure
development (but undermines traditional practices of small farms and thus leads to massive
land destruction)
food security - ANSWERS✔✔ access to sufficient nutritious food to sustain an active and
healthy life
political ecology - ANSWERS✔✔ analyses that focus on the linkages between political-
economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction (importantly rejects single-
factor explanations)
obesity - ANSWERS✔✔ having excess body fat to the point of impairing bodily health and
function
over-weight - ANSWERS✔✔ having abnormally high accumulation of body fat (but also
above a weight considered "normal" or "desirable")
nutrition transition - ANSWERS✔✔ combination of changes in diet toward energy-dense
foods (high in calories, fat, and sugar) and declines in physical activity
anthropogenic landscape - ANSWERS✔✔ landscape modified by human action in the past
or present (NOT necessarily bad!)
environmental justice - ANSWERS✔✔ a social movement that addresses the linkages
between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality
domestication - ANSWERS✔✔ a process of co-evolution whereby human practice changes
the bodies and behaviors of plants and animals
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