,FOR3445-POPULATIONS ECOLOGY FINAL
REVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS RATED
100% CORRECT!!
What is the difference between an epizootic and panzootic event? Answer -
epizootic = local outbreak event, panzootic = outbreak on a global scale
What are some differences between antigens and pathogens? Answer -
Antigen:
- Is a molecule that can induce an immune response in the host.
- Can be on the surface of a pathogen to trigger immune response.
- Can be proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, or nucleic acid.
- Ex: Exogenous antigens, endogenous antigens, autoantigens, or neoantigens.
Pathogen:
- Agent that can cause disease or illness in host
- Are organisms
- Ex: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, or parasites.
How do otherwise harmless bacteria become pathogens? Answer - A:
Harmless bacterium can steal DNA from another bacterium, inserting the
foreign DNA (creating pathogenicity islands), creating a pathogen from the
changed genetics.
Pathogenesis = Gene transfer at a loci level that gives the bacteria a new gene
which allows them to access a new resource and results in a competitive
advantage over other bacteria
, Competitive advantage = bacteria can reproduce faster and outcompete other
bacteria for resources (strong competition present between bacteria species)
What are the three main mechanisms of how bacteria become pathogens?
Why does this happen? Answer - A: Transformation, Transduction, and
Conjugation.
Transformation: uptake of DNA from the environment
Transduction: DNA transfer from virus
Conjugation: Plasmid transfer between bacterial cells.
This happens to give the bacterium an advantage by having access to new
resources through new genes (Competitive advantage)
What is Bergmann's Rule? Answer - A: Body mass increases with higher
latitudes. This applies both inter and intra-specific. An example would be the
white-tailed deer where individuals closer to the Arctic are larger than those
closer to the equator.
Reminder: Bergman = BIGman
What is Allen's Rule? Answer - A: Goes with Bergmann's rule where
endothermic vertebrates will have shorter appendages in colder climates
compared to closely related species in warmer climates.
Reminder: Allen = Appendages
What is Gloger's Rule? Answer - A: Within a species of endothermic, heavy or
darker colours of pigment are seen near the equator vs lighter in higher
latitudes.
3 rules in terrestrial biomes Answer - Bergmann's rule = body size
Allen's rule = length of appendages
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