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HPRS 2301 - Chapter 10 Learning Outcomes Exam Study Guide
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HPRS 2301 - Chapter 10 LearningOutcomes Exam Study Guide
List the four main characteristics of viruses. - Answer They're considered the smallest
and simplest infectious agents.
They lack cell organelles and don't carry out metabolic activities
They are incapable of independent reproduction.
They are obligatory intracellular parasites.
List the four structural components of viruses and give their functions. - Answer Nucleic
acid: RNA or DNA (dsDNA or ssDNA) containing the viral genome
Capsid: a protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid
Envelope: a phospholipid membrane taken from the host cell (evasive factors);
camouflages itself so it can move around the immune system
Spikes: a set of glycoproteins protruding from the envelope that provide attachment to
the receptor of the cell.
Explain why viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites and describe what
"target cells" are. - Answer Viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites
because they need to be inside the cell in order for them to replicate. The cell itself
makes copies of the virus as it replicates.
Target cells are cells that have a specified receptor for that specific virus. For example,
a hepatitis virus travels through the blood to find the liver cells, in which they have a
specified receptor for hepatitis.
Describe the four effects that viruses can have on cells. - Answer Cessation (stopping)
of DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis.
Cellular destruction (lysis) by either viruses as they are released from the cell or by the
host's immune system.
Transformation of host cells into cancerous cells (oncogenic viruses like HPV).
Promotion of secondary bacterial infection of cells damaged by the virus (like
rhinoviruses and influenza viruses).
Describe the reasons Ebola and Marburg fever (hemorrhagic fevers) are such
dangerous viral infections and give the target cells of these viruses. - Answer They are
dangerous because:
, The source of the virus in nature is not known.
The infections they cause are known as hemorrhagic fevers.
The infections progress fast and have an extremely high mortality rate because there is
no treatment for these infections.
The target cells of the viruses are endothelial cells (the cells that line the blood vessels).
Give the three cellular shapes of bacteria, and the main groups of bacteria based on
their shape and Gram stain reactin. - Answer Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod), and spiral.
Bacteria can either be Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
Explain the reasons why it is important to know the cellular shape and Gram stain
reaction of bacteria. - Answer For diagnosis: the four bacterial groups have different
identification procedures.
For treatment: the bacterial groups respond differently to different antibiotic groups.
Describe the importance of Lipid A in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. - Answer
Lipid A is released during the lysis of bacteria.
List in order the sequential steps that occur in the development of an infectious disease.
Describe what virulent factors are. - Answer 1. Entry or introduction into the body or
tissues.
2. Attachment to the tissues of the host.
3. Defeating phagocytosis and other defenses of the immune system.
4. Disease: destruction of cells, tissue, or organs.
Virulence factors are parts, components, or secretions of microorganisms that allow
them to establish an infectious disease.
Give the factors that determine if bacteria can survive in the human body and cause
disease. - Answer The immune status of the host.
The effectiveness of the bacterial virulence factors.
Explain briefly what fomites, vectors, and zoonoses are. - Answer Fomites are
contaminated objects.
Vectors are arthropods like flies mosquitoes, and other insects (malaria, Lyme disease,
the Plague).
Zoonoses are infections passed to humans from animals (West Nile, rabies).
Describe what adhesion factors and give examples of them. - Answer Provide
attachment so organisms can colonize the host.
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