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Summary AQA A-Level History Revolution and Dictatorship Russia 1917 – 1953 REVIEW
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AQA A-Level History Revolution and Dictatorship Russia 1917 – 1953 REVIEW
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AQA A-Level History Revolution andDictatorship Russia 1917 – 1953 REVIEW
Who was Tsar Nicholas II? - the last autocratic Romanov ruler after inheriting the
throne in 1894. He convinced of his divine right to rule, but he was extremely
stubborn, resenting any uncalled for advice which he saw as criticism.
What was the Duma? - - The Russian Elected Parliament that had no real power as
the Tsar still remained final authority.
- All political parties were represented in the duma, and therefore it provided a
forum for criticism of government policies.
problems with WWI - inflation - - war destroyed Russia's financial stability.
government spending increased from 4 million roubles to 30 million.
- By 1917, inflation had reached 200 per cent.
problems with WWI - food supplies - - peasants found it impossible to sustain
agricultural output due to the requisitioning of farm horses and fertilizers by the
military. coupled with the problem that inflation made trading unprofitable,
peasants stopped selling food and began hoarding stocks.
- army had first claim on limited amount of food produced and had priority use of
the transport system, meaning food could not be easily distributed to civilian
areas
- in January 1917, Petrograd only received 48% of grain requirements.
,AQA A-Level History Revolution and
Dictatorship Russia 1917 – 1953 REVIEW
problems with WWI - transport - - attempt to transport millions of troops and
masses of supplies to the war fronts created unbearable pressures - signalling
system on which the railway depended on broke down which blocked lines and
left trains stranded)
- by the end of 1916, petrograd and moscow were only receiving a third of their
food and fuel requirements.
problems with WWI - the army - - severely hampered by lack of equipment due to
the poor administration between the government departments responsible for
supplies.
-By mid-1915, the munitions crisis rendered the Russian artillery unit to only three
shells per day.
- Tsar in 1915 took formal control of the armed services and as commander-in-
chief was personally responsible for Russia's performance in the war - under his
command, performance only worsened largely due to his military inexperience
- battle of tannenburg left 300,000 men dead or wounded
role of the Duma in opposition - - had previously shown total support for the Tsar
by voting for its own suspension for the duration of the war in 1914, but within a
year they demanded to be recalled, which the Tsar allowed.
,AQA A-Level History Revolution and
Dictatorship Russia 1917 – 1953 REVIEW
- Nicholas refused to cooperate fully with non-governmental organisations such as
union of zemstva and the union of municipal councils - a political mistake because
these bodies formed together to create Zemgor, and its success highlighted a
workable alternative to Tsardom
what was the Progressive Bloc? - - the Tsar had rejected the notion that he should
replace his cabinet with a ministry of national confidence made up of duma
members. therefore, 236 of the 422 duma members formed themselves into a
progressive bloc to criticize the handling of the war.
- Nicholas refused to listen to the bloc after they persuaded him to make
concessions - made him seem to be increasingly incapable of running the war and
helped the bloc become a symbol of political resistance.
How did the February revolution come about in 1917? - - strikes at Putilov steel
works moved onto the streets as a result of rumours of a further cut in bread
supplies on the 18th February
-By the end of 1916, there were 880,000 workers on strike
- on the 23rd February, it was international women's day. thousands of women
came on to the streets to join the protesters in demanding food and an end to the
war.
, AQA A-Level History Revolution and
Dictatorship Russia 1917 – 1953 REVIEW
- By the 25th, police declared the situation uncontrollable, and Cossacks even
joined in in the protests.
Tsar abdicates the throne - 2nd March 1917
Dual Power - A term referring to the two governments that Russia had following
the February Revolution—the provisional government and the Petrograd Soviet.
What was the Provisional Government? - a temporary government formed under
the leadership of Prince Lvov (and later Alexander Kerensky) whose members
represented a cross section of the influential elites - the liberals and kadets.
Who were the Petrograd Soviets? - - set up by revolutionary leaders in the capital
on 27 February in 1917 where each regiment of soldiers and industrial workers
were to elect committees and send representatives to the Soviet.
- took the official title of 'soviet of workers and soldiers deputies' and had 3000
members by the 10th of march
revolutionary defensism - the demand of the Petrograd Soviet and accepted by
the provisional government which was a middle position between conservatives
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