Summary
Summary Biol 114 Exam 3 Study Guide
- Course
- Biology 114
- Institution
- State University Of New York - Binghamton
Exam 3 Study Guide for Biol 114.
[Show more]
Content preview
Exam 3 Prep➢ Competition and Niche space
○ Those that outcompete others have greater fitness, thus creating populations of
better competitors
○ Process of competition is costly to both
○ Intraspecific competition is often more fierce due to the species sharing a
common source of nutrition or space, therefore they are more often at odds with
each other, as opposed to different species that have varying needs.
○ Intraspecific competition
■ Competition between individuals of the same species
■ Sigmoidal pattern of population growth (follows K)
■ Density-dependent population changes (higher density of the same species
in one location causes many members of that species to die off)
■ Ex: Gypsy Moth explosion
○ Interspecific competition
■ Competition between individuals of different species
■ Can lead to Evolutionary Arms Race (both species continually counter
each others adaptations to compete for a resource across generations)
■ Niche: Summarizes the environmental factors that influence the growth,
survival and reproduction of a species
● Fundamental niche: Accumulating factors permitting a species to
survive and reproduce
● Realized niche: Competition that restricts the environment in
which the species lives
■ Competitive exclusion principle: states that two species with identical
niches cannot coexist in that niche indefinitely
● Better competitor will exclude the less suited species from the
niche
● The species that is out-competed will likely go extinct from the
area
■ Resource partitioning: differentiation of niches - both in space and time -
that enables two species to coexist in a community. Caused by resource
segregation (two species evolved to survive off of different types of
resources )
, ● E.g. of resource segregation: difference in acorn-size preference
between Gray squirrels and red squirrels)
○ Mechanisms of competition
■ Scramble competition
● Competing individuals target the resource without necessarily
interacting with each other
● Ex: Two different cheetahs compete for a deer by hunting it down
before the other does, although they may engage in interference
competition by fighting for it afterwards.
■ Interference competition
● Individuals target the competitor, and not necessarily the source
● Ex: Large deers physically force out smaller deers from feeding
grounds so as to prevent them from taking any of their food.
➢ Interspecific Exploitation
○ Summarized with +/- designated relationship (exploitative interactions)
○ Lotka-Volterra Model of Predator-prey interaction: predicts that as prey
increases, they become more available to predators. As predators increase in
number, prey decreases. Predators grow for a while before dropping again due to
lack of prey → cycle continues. The growth and decline of both species is out of
sync due to population inertia.
○ Three exploitative relationship groups (consumption category):
■ Herbivory
● Plant consumption by an animal can either reduce or increase
fitness of the plant
● Reduce fitness of the plants (+/-) - exploitation
○ Animals eat many different plant parts. Usually killing
them without a chance at reproduction
● Increase the fitness of the plant (+/+) - mutualism
○ Animals patake in eating fruits and dispersing seeds
○ Drinking nectar and spreading pollen
● Plants are more available as a food source than animals
● High energy parts (seeds, fruits) of plants are less abundant than
low energy parts (bark, leaves)
■ Predation
● Killing/consumption of other animals
● Animals are a higher quality food item (protein, fats)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
83637 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now