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LING 115 Fall 2023 Final (Units 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) questions with correct answers
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LING 115 Fall 2023 Final (Units 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) questions with correct answers
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LING 115 Fall 2023 Final (Units 2, 7, 8, 9,10, 11)
national language - correct answer ✔✔used to stimulate feelings of patriotism, represent the nation,
and unify the population
symbols: national anthem, national flag, holidays, achievements of the nation
official language - correct answer ✔✔OLs are established for pragmatic reasons - to help people in their
daily activities. OLs are not symbolic.
- OLs are specified for:
(a) area of life/activity (e.g. teaching in schools, use in government administration etc.)
(b) geographical area - either all of a country, or a sub-part - a state/province/region.
What type of nation usually has the same language as NL and OL? - correct answer ✔✔nations with
homogeneous populations like France, Japan, and Korea where 90% of the population comes from one
ethnic group
NL and OL in Paraguay - correct answer ✔✔Official Language: Spanish
National Language: Guarani
NL and OL in Tanzania - correct answer ✔✔Official Language(s): Swahili, English
National Language: Swahili
NL and OL in Singapore - correct answer ✔✔Official Languages: Malay, Mandarin, Tamil, English
National Language: Malay
NL and OL in Democratic Republic of Congo - correct answer ✔✔- Official language: French
,- National language(s): Lingala, Tshiluba, Kikongo, Swahili
- having multiple NLs: attempt to recognize different groups in the population
two common patterns for how bilingualism is established - correct answer ✔✔- Simultaneous
bilingualism: L1 and L2 are both acquired from an early age, often in the home (e.g. mother and father
speak different languages to their children)
- Consecutive bilingualism: L2 is acquired after L1, typically before teenage years, often when children
start school
language planning - correct answer ✔✔effort to change the function and use of a language in a
particular society by formally assigning it a special status/ role (2)
Step 1 of language planning - correct answer ✔✔Step 1: status planning
- give special roles to certain languages/varieties, selecting new NLs and OLs
Step 2 of language planning - correct answer ✔✔Step 2: corpus planning
- further developing the languages selected in Step 1:
- develop vocabulary for use in all areas of life
- create dictionaries
- decide pronunciation and grammatical rules
- standardization
- decide how the language should be written
Step 3 of language planning - correct answer ✔✔Step 3: Promotion of new NLs/OLs
- spread knowledge of NLs/ OLs
Ways of promotion:
- education for younger members of a population
- radio and television programming
,- incentives for people who learn the new language
Step 4 of language planning - correct answer ✔✔Step 4: winning acceptance
- encourage people to use and be proud of/have respect for the new NL/OL
- emphasize the practical value of a new NL/OL
- goal: make people naturally enthusiastic to use their NL/OL
unilingual national / official langauge policy - correct answer ✔✔choosing a single language for both OL
and NL
modern Japan as an example of successful unilingual langauge planning - correct answer ✔✔Before
modern times, no common form of Japanese
Step 1: in 1916, the government selected the variety spoken in Yamanote, Tokyo as the model
Step 2: the variety is standardized
Step 3: it is spread through mass education and media
Step 4: widespread acceptance was won for the new NL
pro/con of multiple NLs - correct answer ✔✔- Advantage: avoids inter-ethnic/regional discontent and
conflict due to favoring a single NL
- Disadvantage: weakens the potential unifying force of having a single NL
example of country with multiple NLs - correct answer ✔✔Democratic Republic of Congo (OL: French, 4
NLs: Swahili, Kikongo, Lingala, Tshiluba)
, What can be done if a new NL doesn't have a large vocabulary suited to modern life (science, education,
commerce, etc)? - correct answer ✔✔- Rapidly develop the NL with new words and standardize the NL
as quickly as possible
- Add another language as OL, either permanently or temporarily while NL is being developed
pro/con of multiple OLs - correct answer ✔✔- advantage: all segments of a population have equal
linguistic advantages
- disadvantage: very expensive. All official materials have to be produced in multiple languages
pro/con of no NL, only an OL - correct answer ✔✔- advantages: ethnically neutral, OL is already
standardized so doesn't need to be developed further
- disadvantages: no stimulation of national unity via a NL, the OL may have negative colonial
associations, learning non-indigenous may be hard
example : Nigeria (OL: English)
NL vs. OL - correct answer ✔✔- NLs: symbolic, representative, binding
- OLs: utilitarian, non-symbolic
- When a single language serves both NL and OL functions, it is called a national-official language
Pakistan / Bangladesh: - correct answer ✔✔- Example of failure in language planning
- 2 parts to the country: West Pakistan (many languages, more powerful) and East Pakistan (mostly
Bengali)
- Political leaders in West Pakistan declare Urdu (associated with Islam) as the NL, and also an OL along
with English
- major advantages to Urdu speakers in gov jobs
- discontent and riot in West Pakistan, people of East Pakistan uupset when their proposal for Bengali as
the OL was rejected
- new language movement --> military conflict --> independence from West Pakistan, creating the new
country of Bangladesh
- showcases how wrong choice for language can cause countries to split apart
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