Cultivation - ANSWERHuman manipulation or fostering of a plant species to enhance or ensure production
Domestication - ANSWERChanges over time in the features of wild plants and animals that made these species more attractive to humans
Archaeobotany - ANSWERThe study of plant remains from arc...
Anthropology 104 -- Dr. Dale Exam 2
Questions & Answers 100%
Cultivation - ANSWERHuman manipulation or fostering of a plant species to enhance or
ensure production
Domestication - ANSWERChanges over time in the features of wild plants and animals
that made these species more attractive to humans
Archaeobotany - ANSWERThe study of plant remains from archaeological sites
Zooarchaeology - ANSWERThe study of animal bones found at archaeological sites
Natufian Culture - ANSWER- Early Middle East
- 15,000-11,600BP
- Village Life: small, semi-permanent villages of 200-300 people
- Tools: mortars and pestles, sickles, decorated stone vessels
- Art and Decoration: Elaborate clothing including caps, capes, and hair ornaments,
shell and teeth jewelry, carved stone
- Burials: cemeteries and under houses, single burials and in groups, no grave goods
apart from clothing and jewelry, & some are missing the skull
Oasis Theory - ANSWER- V. Gordon Childe
- Domestication began as a symbiotic relationship between humans, plants, and
animals at oases during a dry period in SW Asia
Population Pressure Theory - ANSWER- Lewis Binford
- Population increases in SW Asia forced people to turn to agriculture to produce more
food
- Those on the margins would have been most affected—the edge hypothesis
Proto-Farmer Theory - ANSWER- People have been interacting with plants and animals
in their habitats for 40,000 years.
- Farming was, therefore, not an invention, but a collective knowledge that some
societies chose to use as the need presented itself.
Differences between Wild and Domesticated Plants - ANSWER- Wild: Brittle rachis,
tough glume to allow natural seed dispersal
- Domesticated: Tough rachis and brittle glume to allow efficient harvesting
Differences between Wild and Domesticated Animals - ANSWER- Smaller and loss of
aggressive characteristics
- Emphasis on features associated with reason for domestication
, - Selective butchering and herd demographics
Primary vs Secondary Agriculture - ANSWER- Primary Center: where original
domestication first occurred
- Secondary Center: where these plants were received and adapted
Impacts of Agriculture on human behavior and culture - ANSWER- Sedentism
- Initial decline in Health
- Changing Birth Patterns --> more children
- Pottery
- Writing --> developed to help keep track of animals, tributes, and taxes
- Emergence of Large Socieities
'Ain Mallaha Site - ANSWER13,000-11,000BP
• Covered 2,000 square meters, with an estimated population of 200-
300 people
• Wild game and wild cereals cultivation rather than domestication
Catalhöyük Site - ANSWER9,300-8000BP
• World's "first city"
• Adjacent square rooms with rooftops acting as streets
• Ritual spaces within houses separate from work areas and refuse disposal
Ban-po-ts'un Site - ANSWER7000-4500BP: Chinese Neolithic village representative of
Yangshao
culture
• Main crop was millet, but also grew hemp. Chestnuts, hazelnuts, and
pine nuts were harvested. Pigs and dogs were main domesticated
animals.
• Agricultural tools found were bone hoes, polished stone adzes, axes,
knives, and digging-sticks.
Guilá Naquitz Cave Site - ANSWER11,000-8,000BP seasonally occupied rock shelter
• Evidence for cultivation of beans and squash
Guitarrero Cave Site - ANSWER- Occupied for hundreds of years, beginning more than
10,000 years
ago
- Plants and animals from surrounding environmental zones
'Ubaid Period (Mesopotamia) - ANSWER8300-6500BP
Marked by:
• Irrigation agriculture
• Small villages
• Distinct pottery --> Painted ceramics, often in the form of pots & Clay figurines
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