Control - correct answer ✔✔a regulatory process of establishing standards to achieve organizational
goals, comparing actual performance against the standards, and taking corrective action when necessary
Standards - correct answer ✔✔a basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which various kinds of
organizational performance are satisfactory or unsatisfactory
Communication - correct answer ✔✔the process of transmitting information from one person or place
to another
Needs - correct answer ✔✔the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure
survival and well-being
Inputs - correct answer ✔✔in equity theory, the contributions employees make to the organization
Outcomes - correct answer ✔✔in equity theory, the rewards employees receive for their contributions
to the organization
Reinforcement - correct answer ✔✔the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences
that follow behavior
Leadership - correct answer ✔✔the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational
goals
Leadership Style - correct answer ✔✔the way a leader generally behaves toward followers
Perception - correct answer ✔✔the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and
retain information from their environments
, Perceptual Filters - correct answer ✔✔the personality-, psychology-, or experience-based differences
that influence people to ignore or pay attention to particular stimuli
Defensive Bias - correct answer ✔✔the tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and
situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty or trouble
Paralanguage - correct answer ✔✔the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern (that is, use of
silences, pauses, or hesitations) of one's voice
Concurrent Control - correct answer ✔✔a mechanism for gathering information about performance
deficiencies after they occur
Strategic Leadership - correct answer ✔✔the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think
strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an
organization
Courageous Conversation - correct answer ✔✔The ability to address an issue directly and appropriately
Extrinsic Reward - correct answer ✔✔a reward that is tangible, visible to others, and given to employees
contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors
Distributive Justice - correct answer ✔✔the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly
distributed or allocated
Procedural Justice - correct answer ✔✔the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward
allocation decisions
Reinforcement Theory - correct answer ✔✔the theory that behavior is a function of its consequences,
that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors
followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently
Trait Theory - correct answer ✔✔a leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar
set of traits or characteristics
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