Psychopharmacology; Actual final Pretest and Post test Exam Questions and Best Graded Guaranteed success latest 2024/2025
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Course
Psychopharmacology
Institution
Psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology; Actual final Pretest and Post test Exam Questions and Best Graded Guaranteed success latest 2024/2025
Neuropharmacology - correct answer concerned with drug-induced changes to nervous system
Neuropsychopharmacology - correct answer identify chemicals that can alter disturb...
Psychopharmacology; Actual final Pretest
and Post test Exam Questions and Best
Graded Guaranteed success latest
2024/2025
Neuropharmacology - correct answer concerned with drug-induced changes to
nervous system
Neuropsychopharmacology - correct answer identify chemicals that can alter disturbed
behavior; using chemicals as probes to understand the neurobiology of behavior
Drug action - correct answer specific molecular changes produced when drug binds to
a particular target site or receptor
Drug effects - correct answer alterations in physiological or psychological functions
Therapeutic effect - correct answer drug produces desired physical or behavioral
changes
Side effects - correct answer non-therapeutic effects
Specific drug effects - correct answer based on physical and biochemical interactions
of a drug with a target site in living tissue
Nonspecific drug effects - correct answer based on unique characteristics of the
individual
Placebo - correct answer pharmacologically inert compound; may have therapeutic
effects and side effects
Nocebo effect - correct answer increased anxiety or pain due to negative expectations
,Double-blind experiment - correct answer neither patient nor observer knows what
treatment the participant has received
Bioavailability - correct answer amount of drug in the blood that is free at specific
target sites
Pharmacokinetic - correct answer components of drug action contribute to
bioavailability
Systemic routes: (methods of drugs administration) - correct answer drug moves
throughout the body through general circulation
Oral administration (methods of drugs administration) - correct answer drug must pass
through stomach or intestine wall to reach blood capillaries; must be resistant to
destruction by stomach acid and enzymes
Absorption (methods of drugs administration) - correct answer movement of a drug
from the site of administration to the blood circulation
First-pas metabolism - correct answer ingested chemicals pass via the portal vein to
the liver, where they are altered by enzymes before passing to the general circulation
Intravenous iv - correct answer rapid and accurate; drug goes directly into
bloodstream; danger of overdose
Intramuscular (im) - correct answer injection: slower, more even absorption over time
Subcutaneous (sc) - correct answer injection; just below the skin; drug pellets can be
used to deliver hormones such as contraceptives
Inhalation - correct answer drug is absorbed by passing through the lungs
,Topical - correct answer application to mucus membranes; local effects
Intranasal - correct answer local effects but moves rapidly into blood; avoids first pass
metabolism; bypasses blood-brain barrier
Transdermal - correct answer through the skin with skin patches; avoids first-pass
metabolism
Concentration gradient - correct answer is diffusion from higher to lower concentration
Bioactivation - correct answer inactive drug is metabolized into an active form
Drug redistribution - correct answer as plasma levels fall, drug concentration in highly
vascularized organs will be greater than in the blood, so the drug will move from those
organs back into the plasma to maintain equilibrium (can terminate action of a drug)
Tight junctions - correct answer membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together,
preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
Astroglia - correct answer essential to maintaining the blood-brain barrier
Placental barrier: - correct answer separation of blood circulation between mother and
fetus at the placenta
Acute toxicity - correct answer opiates, alcohol, and other drugs; action can be
prolonged after birth due to slow metabolism
Teratogenic effects - correct answer causing developmental abnormalities; depends on
time of exposure- most severe in early pregnancy
, Depot binding - correct answer alters the magnitude and duration of drug action
Binding of drugs to inactive sites (drug depots or silent receptors)- affects magnitude ad
duration of drug action - correct answer - reduces concentration of drug at action sites
- nonselective binding can cause competition between drugs and possible overdose
- bound drug molecules can be altered by liver enzymes, prolongs time drug is in body
- redistribution to inactive sites
Biotransformation - correct answer excretion eliminate drugs from the body
Half-life - correct answer amount of time required for removal of 50% of the drug;
determines time needed to reach the steady state plasma level
Steady state plasma level - correct answer the desired blood concentration
Phase 1 of biotransformation in liver - correct answer oxidation, reduction, or
hydrolysis
Phase 2 of biotransformation in liver - correct answer synthetic reactions--products are
ionized, water soluble and biologically inactive
Drugs that are converted to active metabolites have a prolonged duration of action -
correct answer
Enzyme induction - correct answer repeated use of drug increases number of
enzymes; increases rate
Enzyme inhibition - correct answer reduces metabolism of other drugs that use the
same enzyme
Drug competition - correct answer elevated levels of one drug reduces metabolism of
the second
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