Severe visual impairment inability to read newsprint even with glasses
Total blindness no light perception and no usable vision
Functional blindness has some light perception but no usable vision
Legal blindness having central visual field acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with correcti...
NUR 330 Exam 2 Review Questions and
Solutions
Severe visual impairment ✅inability to read newsprint even with glasses
Total blindness ✅no light perception and no usable vision
Functional blindness ✅has some light perception but no usable vision
Legal blindness ✅having central visual field acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye
with correction or a peripheral visual field of 20 degrees or less (includes both functional
and total blindness)
Keratoconjunctivitis ✅fancy word for dry eyes; common in older adults; "sand in the
eye"; typically worsens throughout the day
Pathophysiology: decreases in quality or quantity of the tear film
Treatment: artificial tears, ointments, closure of the lacrimal puncta
Age related macular degeneration ✅most common cause of irreversible central vision
loss in people over age 60 in the US; dry or wet
Dry AMD ✅most common form; close vision tasks become difficult; macular cells start
to atrophy due to accumulation of yellowish extracellular deposits in the retinal pigment
epithelium called drusen; progressive and painless
Drusen ✅yellowish extracellular deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium
Wet AMD ✅more severe than other form; rapid onset; development of abnormal blood
vessels in/near the macula
Blood vessels grow into the retinal epithelium instead of choroid; vessels leak and scar
tissue forms; begins as dry AMD
Etiology of AMD ✅genetic, UV light exposure, hyperopia (farsightedness), smoking,
light colored eyes, nutritonal deficits (dark, green, leafy vegetables may help reduce
risk)
Clinical manifestations of AMD ✅blurred or darkened vision; scotomas (blind spots);
metamorphopsia (distortion of vision)
Scotomas ✅blind spot
, Metamorphosphia ✅distortion of vision
Photodynamic light therapy ✅treatment of AMD; uses verteporfin and cold laser; can
be activated by exposure to sunlight and as a result the patient should avoid direct
sunlight exposure for 5 days after treatment
Treatment of dry AMD ✅inhibit epithelia growth factor
Treatment of wet AMD ✅destroy abnormal blood vessels
Functional hearing loss ✅may be caused by an emotional or psychological factor
Tinnitus ✅perception of sound in the ears where no external source is present
Conductive hearing loss ✅occurs when conditions in the outer or middle ear impair the
transmission of sound through air to the inner ear
Presbycusis ✅hearing loss associated with aging
Central hearing loss ✅involves the inability to interpret sound because of a problem in
the brain
Mixed hearing loss ✅a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing aid ✅device used to amplify sound
Loop diuretics ✅known to cause tinnitus if IV pushed too quickly
Sensorineural hearing loss ✅caused by impairment of function of the inner ear or the
vestibulocochlear nerve
Hyperthyroidism ✅Graves' disease; warm, moist skin; sustained release of TSH; thin,
brittle nails; weight loss; anxious, irritable; exopthalamus; heart palpitations; intolerance
to heat; treat with PTU
Hypothyroidism ✅treat with levothyroxine (Synthroid); fatigue; anemia; thin, brittle
nails; constipation; intolerance to cold; weight gain; myxedema; increased triglycerides
Cushing syndrome ✅caused by long term steroid use or a tumor of the adrenal or
pituitary glands
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