Unlock the secrets of psychology with these comprehensive Intro to Psychology class notes from Summer 2023! Perfect for students, educators, or anyone curious about the mind, this document covers:
- The foundations of psychology: from the history of the field to key thinkers like Freud, Wundt, a...
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Chapter 1: The Foundation and Evolution of Psychology
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Psychology = study of the mind
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600 BC - Greek words
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psyche (soul, spirit, or mind)
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logos (study of a subject of matter)
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Intellectual roots in physiology and philosophy
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Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) University of Leipzig, Germany
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Campaigned to make psychology an independent discipline
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Established the first laboratory in 1879
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Defined psychology as the scientific study of the conscious experience
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Two intellectual schools of thought developed regarding the science of psychology
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Structuralism - E. Titchener (student of Wundt)
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Consciousness into basic elements
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Introspection - careful, systematic observations of conscious experience
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Functionalism - W. James (1st American psychologist!)
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Influenced heavily by Darwin
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Investigated the function or purpose of consciousness
Investigation of mental testing, developmental patterns, and sex
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differences
May have attracted the first women into the field
♕ Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)
❤ Completed all of the requirements for a PhD at Harvard,
but was refused the degree because she was female. In
1905 she became the first woman president of the APA.
♕ Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)
❤ First woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology at Cornell
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University.
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Freud and Psychoanalysis
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What do your dreams mean?
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Are you driven by motives of which you are completely unaware?
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Ever have an embarrassing slip of the tongue?
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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Austrian Physician
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1st studied gonads of eels
Approach to psychology grew out of efforts to treat mental disorders
, 🌥 Developed Psychoanalytic theory
🌥 Emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior
💬 Freud’s Ideas: Controversy and Influence
🌥 Behavior is influenced by the unconscious
🌥 Unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays a central role in behavior
🌥 Controversial notions met with significant resistance
🌥 Significant influence on the field of psychology
✨ Mixed feelings today
✨ Psychoanalysis
💫 Behaviorism: Redefining Psychology (once again)
💬 John B. Watson (1878-1958): U.S.
🌥 Founder of Behaviorism
🌥 Psychology = scientific study of behavior
🌥 Behavior = overt (observable) response or activity by an organism
✨ Radical reorientation of psychology as a science of observable
✨ Study of consciousness abandoned
behavior
💬 Nature-Nurture Debate
🌥 Nurture, not nature
✨ The environment is key
✨ Behaviorist school - emphasized environment
✨ Contributed to rise of animal research
✨ Extremely influential but not unchallenged
💫 Behaviorism Revisited: B.F. Skinner
💬 B.F. Skinner (1904-199): U.S.
🌥 Environmental factors determine behavior
🌥 Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated
🌥 Responses that lead to negative outcomes are not repeated
🌥 Beyond Freedom and Dignity
🌥 More controversy regarding free will
🌥 Animal research
💫 The Humanists Revolt
💬 By the 1950s, both behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory were influential
🌥 Charges that both were dehumanizing
schools of thought, yet many found these theories unappealing
🌥 Diverse opposition groups got together to form a loose alliance
💫 Humanism
💬 Led by Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
💬 Hierarchy of needs
💬 Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
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