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NURS 612 Exam 4 (Updated A+ Graded)
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NURS 612 Exam 4 (Updated A+ Graded)Osteoblasts - Answer Primary bone-producing cells
-young immature cell
Osteocytes - Answer Transformed osteoblasts that are surrounded by new bone tissue
Osteoclasts - Answer The major reabsorptive cells of the bone (breaks down bone)
New bone is soft and hardens when it gets mineralized by _______ and _________ -
Answer calcium and phosphate
Joints are also called _________ - Answer articulations
The functional units of muscle contractions are ________. They are made of _______ and
________ - Answer Myofibrils; actin and myosin
What do red muscles have that white muscles lack? - Answer Myoglobin-a reservoir of
oxygen for the muscles (why white muscles fatigue quickly)
excitation-contraction coupling - Answer events that link the action potentials on the
sarcolemma (the membrane of the muscle) to activation of the myofilaments, thereby
preparing them to contract
AP from LMN depolarizes muscle membrane at the motor end plate. That depolarization
spreads all over the sarcolemma
Depolarization increases the amount of calcium in the cytoplasm/sarcoplasm which
,stimulates contraction
Physiologic Tetanus - Answer occurs when motor units are stimulated again and the
muscle unit has not been able to relax between stimulation and the next contraction
Response to an AP is called a ______ - Answer twitch
____________ gives the phosphoric group to ATP - Answer Phosphocreatine
Isometric contraction - Answer Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle
stays the same length
Same length, changing tension
Isotonic contraction - Answer muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load
Same tension, changing length
Tendons - Answer •Attach muscle to bone
•Transfer forces from muscle to bone
•Act as a type of biologic spring for muscles to allow additional stability during
movement
Ligaments - Answer •Attach bone to bone
•Stabilize joints against excessive movement
Sarcopenia - Answer the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with
aging
, Rhabdomyolysis - Answer breakdown of striated/skeletal muscle (due to trauma,
excessive exertion, crush injuries, seizures, or drug toxicity)
results in the leakage of intracellular content, including the protein pigment myoglobin,
into the extracellular space and blood stream
•May lead to hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmia, acute renal failure as a result of
myoglobin precipitation in the renal tubules
Rhabdomyolysis Triad of manifestations - Answer •Muscle pain
•Weakness
•Dark colored urine
What is the most significant risk from rhabdomyolysis? - Answer Acute Kidney Injury
due to accumulation of myoglobin in renal tubules
Potassium levels (increase/decrease) with rhabdomyolysis - Increase, because
potassium is released as cells breakdown
Treatment of rhabdomyolysis - Rapid intravenous hydration: To maintain adequate
kidney flow/urine output
Hyperkalemia: May require temporary hemodialysis
Compartment Syndrome can be caused by any condition that disrupts what? - the
vascular supply to an extremity
Muscle ischemia leads to edema, increasing compartment pressure and tamponade
leading to muscle infarction and neural injury
6 Ps of compartment syndrome - Answer •Pain- uncontrollable by opioids
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