Structure - ANS research data for quantitative studies are collected according to a structure plan that indicates what information is to be gathered and how to gather
Quantifiability - ANS data that will be analyzed statistically must be quantified.
All variables must be quan...
Structure - ANS research data for quantitative studies are collected according to a
structure plan that indicates what information is to be gathered and how to gather
Quantifiability - ANS data that will be analyzed statistically must be quantified.
All variables must be quantitatively measured, even thought the variables are abstract and
intangible
Researcher Obtrusiveness - ANS addresses the degree to which people are aware of their
status as participants.
Objectivity - ANS the degree to which 2 independent researchers can arrive at similar
"scores" or make similar observations regarding the concepts of interest, that is, make
judgments regarding participants' attributes or behavior that are not biased by personal feelings
or beliefs
Dimensions of Data Collection Approaches - ANS structure, quantifiability, researcher
obtrusiveness, objectivity
Types of Data Collection - ANS self reports
observation
biophysiologic
reactivity - ANS distorted behavior on the part of study participants when they are aware of
being observed
Observer Biases - ANS emotions, prejudices, attitudes, and values of observers
-anticipation of what is to be observed
-hasty decisions before adequate information is collected
-can be minimized through careful training
,Biophysiological Measures - ANS physiologic and physical variables typically requiring
specialized technical instruments and equipment for measurement. A major strength is their
objectivity.
what is involved in identifying data needs? - ANS (1) testing the hypotheses or addressing
the research questions.
(2) describing the sample characteristics or demographics
(3) controlling extraneous variables
(4) analyzing potential biases
(5) understanding subgroup effects
(6) interpreting results
(7) checking the manipulation
(8) obtaining administrative
steps in collecting quantitative data - ANS •Identify data needs
•Select data collection approach
•Select, adapt, or develop specific instruments
•Pretest the instrument package
•Develop data collection forms and procedures
implementation of data collection - ANS •Select research personnel for data collection
•Train data collectors
•Collect data using formal instruments and procedures
Unstructured interviews - ANS are conversational and interactive, and are the mode of
choice when researchers do not have a clear idea of what it is they do not know
Semi-structured interviews - ANS researchers prepare in advance a written topic guide,
which is a list of areas or questions to be covered with each participant
Focus group interviews - ANS a group of 4 or more people is assembled for a discussion.
The interviewer (or moderator) guides the discussion according to a written set of questions or
topics to be covered
Joint interviews - ANS refer to interviews in which 2 or more intimately related parties are
simultaneously questioned using either an unstructured or semi-structured format
, Oral histories - ANS gather personal recollections of events and perceived causes and
consequences. Unlike life histories, oral histories typically focus on describing important themes
rather than individuals. Oral histories are a method for connecting individual experiences with
broader social and cultural contexts.
types of Qualitative Self-Reports - ANS •Critical incidents interviews
•Diaries and journals
•Photo elicitation interviews
•Self-report narratives on the Internet
Critical incidents interviews - ANS method of gathering information about people's
behaviors by examining specific incidents relating to the behavior under investigation
Think aloud method - ANS a technique for collecting data about cognitive processes, such
as thinking, problem solving, and decision making.
Individuals record decisions as they are being made or while problems are being solved, over
an extended period.
observation in qualitative vs quantitative studies - ANS •Qualitative studies: Unstructured
observation in naturalistic settings
-Includes participant observation
•Quantitative studies: Structured observation of pre-specified behaviors
participant role in partipant observation - ANS 1)Learning the ropes
2)Observation with participation
3)Researchers strive to become more active participants, learning by the actual experience of
doing rather than just by watching and listening.
4)Reflect on total process of what transpired and how people interacted with and reacted to
them.
spradley's levels of observation - ANS 1. Descriptive observation
2. Focused observation
3. Selective observation
Descriptive observation - ANS used to help observers figure out what is going on.
-Every attempt is made to observe as much as possible.
focused observation - ANS focusing observations on more carefully selected events and
interactions
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