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NFDN 2005 Pediatrics Midterm exam with verified solutions.
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NFDN 2005 Pediatrics Midterm exam with verified solutions.
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Principles of growth anddevelopNFDN 2005 Pediatrics
Midterm exam with verified solutions
ment - answer -Are continuous processes
-Progress in an orderly sequence
-Different children pass through predictable stages at different rates
-Different body systems, different developmental rates
-Development is cephalocaudal (head to toe)
Factors that influence growth and development - answer Gender,
genetics, health, intelligence, nutrition, temperament (reaction patterns)
Gross motor skills - answer Ventral suspension, prone, sitting, standing
Fine motor skills - answer -1 month - grasp reflex, difficult to extend
fingers
-2 months - hands open, not closed, may hold object for a few seconds
before dropping it, grasp reflex fades
-3 months - reach for items they want but usually miss as grasp is
unpracticed
-4 months - thumb opposion/pincher grasp
-5 months - grasp with whole hand
-6 months - can hold items in both hands
Language - answer -2 months - cooing, differentiates cries
-3 months - laughs out loud
-6 months - vowel sounds
-8 months - first words (da-da, ma-ma)
-12 months - a couple more word
,Erikson's theory of development - answer -Psychosocial development
characterized by crisis that must be resolved
-1st stage - infancy - trust vs. mistrust
-2nd stage - toddlers - autonomy vs. sense of shame and doubt
-3rd stage - preschoolers - initiative vs. guilt
-4th stage - school aged children - industry vs. inferiority
-5th stage - adolescent task - identity vs. role confusion
Piaget's theory of development - answer -Cognitive development -
characterized by assimilation of information into schemas
-Disequilibrium is the motivation for learning (how to modify your
understanding to make something work)
-1st stage - infancy - sensorimotor stage
-2nd stage - toddlers and preschoolers - preoperational stage
-3rd stage - school aged children - concrete operational thought
-4th stage - adolescent stage - formal operational thought (abstract
thinking)
Kolhber's theory of development - answer -Moral development
-Child moves from a basic sense of morality to a post conventional
understanding
Infant physical development - answer -Development begins before birth
-Birth weight is usually doubled by 6 months and tripled by a year
-Head control is usually achieved by about 4 months
-Fontanelles (soft spot) close at 3 months (posterior) and 12-18 months
for anterior
-Sitting up at 8 months
-Crawling at 9 months
-Walking by 12-22 months
-Speech about 12-18 months
, Infant cognitive development - answer -Trust vs. mistrust (Erikson)
-Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
Develop a sense of object permanence
-Explore the world through their mouths
Infant play - answer -Don't have a good pincher grasp until about 10
months
-Can handle larger toys before 10 months
-Teething rings may be helpful for teething
-Like toys that provide sensory stimulation
-Like toys that make noise
-Black and white or bright colours (poor vision)
Infant nutrition - answer -Breast or bottle up to about 6 months
-Growth should be constant
-Child should follow same percentile
-Additional source of iron is required after 6 months (fortified cereal is
high in iron)
-Breast/bottle feed should continue until 1 years old
Infant safety - answer -Household safety - cleaner, cords
-Water safety - only takes 1 inch to drown an infant
-Electrical safety
-Falls
-SIDS - lying on back with nothing in crib to sleep
Toddlers physical growth - answer -1-2 years old
-Walking and talking
-Potbelly appearance
-Lordosis (change in centre of gravity)
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