Class notes
Psych 111 Exam 3 Review Notes
- Course
- Psych 111
- Institution
- State University Of New York - Binghamton
Detailed and comprehensive exam 3 review notes that covers key chapters,9-11 and 13. *Essential Study Material!!
[Show more]
Content preview
Textbook Outline: Chapters 9-11, 13❖ Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion pg 302- 337
■ Motivational Theories
○ Motives are the needs, wants, interests and desires that
propel people in certain directions
○ Motivation involves goal-directed behavior
➢ Drive Theories
○ Homeostasis: a state of physiological equilibrium or
stability
● I.e. a body shivering/sweating to maintain safe
body temperature of 98.6 degrees
○ Drive: a hypothetical, internal state of tension that
motivates an organism to engage in activities that should
reduce this tension
● When individuals experience a drive, they’re
motivated to pursue actions that will lead to drive
reduction
● When you are hungry the discomfort of an empty
stomach is the tension or drive that motivates you
to obtain food, eating restores equilibrium
○ Drive models emphasize the role of homeostasis
➢ Incentive Theories
○ Incentive: an external goal that has the capacity to
motivate behavior
○ Drive is a push theory while incentive is a pull
● According the drive theories, motivation lies
within the organism whereas in incentive theories
the motivation lies outside the organism
○ Incentive models emphasize the role of environment
➢ Evolutionary Theories
○ Motives of humans and other species are products of
evolution
○ Natural selection favors behaviors that maximize
reproductive success
, ● Explains motives such as affiliation, achievement,
dominance, aggression and sex drive
○ Motives can be best understood in terms of their adaptive
uses and problem solving
● Dominance increasing mating success
○ Affiliation motive: need for belongingness
● Help with offspring, collaboration in hunting and
gathering, mutual defense, sexual opportunities
○ Biological motives: hunger, thirst, sex
○ Social Motives: needs for achievement, affiliation,
autonomy, dominance and order
○ Most studied motives are that of hunger, sex, and
achievement
➢ Goals: Compare drive, incentive and evolutionary approaches
to understanding motivation
■ The Motivation of Hunger and Eating
➢ Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
○ Brain regulation
● Hunger is controlled in the hypothalamus
➢ Hypothalamus is a tiny structure involved in
a variety of biological needs related to
survival located in the center of the brain
● 40s/50s theory
➢ Lateral hypothalamus: regulates the desire to
eat
➢ Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus:
controls the ability to recognize satiety
(fullness)
● Current Thinking
➢ Arcuate nucleus and the paraventricular
nucleus modulate hunger
● Contemporary Theories
➢ Focus on neural circuits through the
hypothalamus that depend on a large variety
of neurotransmitters rather than anatomical
, centers
○ Digestive and Hormonal Regulation
● The stomach can send signals to the brain that
inhibit further eating
➢ Vagus nerve: stretching of stomach
➢ Other nerves send satiety messages
depending on the nutrients in stomach
content
● Hormones in bloodstream
➢ Ghrelin: secreted by stomach causing
contractions and promotes hunger when the
body goes without food
➢ CCK: secreted by upper intestine, delivers
satiety signals to the brain reducing hunger
➢ Leptin: produced by fat cells, released in
bloodstream to regulate hunger on a long-
term basis by providing the hypothalamus
with information about the body’s fat stores
➢ Insulin: secreted by the pancreas also senses
fat fluctuations
➢ Environmental Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
○ Food Availability and Related Cues
➢ Humans and other animals are often
motivated to eat for the pleasure of eating
● Palatability: the better food tastes, the more of it
people consume
● Quantity available: people tend to consume what is
in front of them. Larger plate and more selection
causes one to eat more food
● Variety: increase of consumption when a greater
variety of foods are available
➢ Sensory-specific satiety: as you eat a
specific food, its incentive value declines.
The more foods available, the more people
eat
, ● Presence of others: the more people present, the
more people tend to eat
● Stress: half of people increase eating during stress
and many people find a shift towards less healthy
food choices
● Exposure to food cues: food advertisements incites
hunger and leads to increased food intake
○ Learned Preferences and Habits
● Food preferences are influenced by culture and
acquired through learning
● Classical conditioning: learned taste preferences
● Observational learning: eating habits
➢ Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity
○ Obesity: the condition of being overweight
● Assessed in terms of BMI (weight/height
squared ...kg/m^2)
● BMI over 30 is considered obese
● Many theorists maintain that the increase of
obesity is due to modern society’s environment
filled with tasty, tempting food everywhere and in
increase and excess of calories
● Health problems include coronary disease, stroke,
hypertension, diabetes, respiratory problems,
gallbladder disease, arthritis, muscle and skeletal
pain, sleep apnea and some types of cancer
○ Genetic Predisposition
● Twin studies have found that identical twins raised
separately have a much similar BMI than fraternal
twins raised together
○ Excessive Eating and Inadequate Exercise
● Overweight people eat too much in relation to their
level of exercise
● Rise of obesogenic environment t the same time as
a decline in physical activity
➢ Convenience: fast foods and elevators
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
85169 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now