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NU414 Exam 2 STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLUTION
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NU414 Exam 2 STUDY GUIDEWITH SOLUTION
epidemic
endemic
pandemic
Epidemic: significant increase in # of cases than would normally be
Endemic: usual # of cases of a disease that occur within a population
Pandemic: epidemic across the globe
infectivity
pathogenicity
toxigenicity
Infectivity: the capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in the host
Pathogenicity: capacity of the agent to cause disease in the human host
Toxigenicity: pathogen’s ability to release toxins that contribute to disease
within the human host
chain of infection
Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, modes of transmission, portals of
entry, susceptible host
attack rate
,secondary attack rate
Attack rate: # of persons who are ill/ total population
Secondary attack rate: the spread of disease from those who contracted the
disease from the initial source to others
(Calculated by # of new cases in a group - initial cases / # of susceptible
persons - initial case)
approaches to controlled communicable diseases
Change the environment
Altering or eliminating the reservoir, controlling the vector, applying
personal hygiene, PPE, aseptic technique
Inactivate the agent
Use of physical or chemical agents (pasteurization, cold, chlorination,
disinfectants)
Increase host resistance
Active of passive immunity, vax
epidemiology
the study of disease distribution and its underlying factors in populations
Used to establish distribution and prevention of disease (where is it popping
up, etc), determine causal relationships, compare different intervention
outcomes (would doing this change anything), evaluate and propose primary
and secondary prevention programs/policies
Example of COVID19 response & TB
, epidemiology is based on ___, ___, & ___
Person (who is affected), place (what region is it occurring in), and time (over
what period of time does this health issue occur)
what did John Snow do
Investigation resulted in improved sanitation, disease mapping (frequency
distribution of number of deaths, location of deaths, residential patterns of
deaths)
science of epidemiology risk factor phase
main area of epidemiological investigations
Looks at linking exposures to occurrence of injuring disease
what is a risk factor
any attributable characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases
their likelihood of developing a disease/injury
epidemiological triangle
Components: host, agent, environment
Agent can be biological, chemical, an organism, nutritive, physical
Environment: the external factors that influence the host vulnerability
Applied to all diseases
web of causation
Looking at the cause and effect relationship between having a risk factor and
the health effect
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