Exam 4 BIOL 2420 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 2420
Institution
BIO 2420
Broad-spectrum drugs affect many taxonomic groups.
ability of a drug to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms
Narrow-spectrum drugs affect only a few pathogens.
Secondary metabolite are compounds not directly used for growth or reproduction.
sulfalilamides Target Specific Metaboli...
Exam 4 BIOL 2420 Practice Questions
and Correct Answers
Broad-spectrum ✅drugs affect many taxonomic groups.
ability of a drug to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms
Narrow-spectrum ✅drugs affect only a few pathogens.
Secondary metabolite ✅are compounds not directly used for growth or reproduction.
sulfalilamides ✅Target Specific Metabolic Reactions
•Sulfonamides outcompete essential folic acid components for binding sites in a
bacterial enzyme.
•They prevent nucleic acid synthesis and DNA replication.
Quinolones ✅Are Among the Most Prescribed Synthetic Antimicrobials
•Isoniazid interferes with cell wall synthesis in species of Mycobacterium.
•Quinolones (Cipro) block DNA synthesis in bacteria
Penicillin
Antibiotics10.3 Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis ✅Has
Remained the Most Widely Used Antibiotic
•Penicillins are active against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.
•They interfere with cell wall synthesis in rapidly growing cells, causing the cell to burst.
•Some individuals experience an anaphylactic allergic reaction.•Many penicillin-resistant
species produce beta-lactamases (penicillinases) that inactivate penicillin.
•Numerous semisynthetic penicillins have been developed.
•Semisynthetic penicillins
•Ampicillin and Amoxacillin are broader spectrum drugs.
Vancomycin
,Other Bacterially Produced Antibiotics Inhibit Some Aspect of Metabolism ✅Also
Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis
•It is effective against gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci.
•Side effects include damage to the ears and kidneys.
Polypeptide Antibiotics ✅Affect the Cell Envelope
Bacitracin ✅interferes with transport of cell wall precursors through the membrane.
•It is toxic internally, so is used topically.
Polymyxins ✅increase membrane permeability of gram-negative rods.
Many antibiotics affect protein synthesis. ✅*Aminoglycosides attach to bacterial
ribosomes, blocking transcription.*
•Streptomycin is sometimes used in tuberculosis cases.
•Gentamicin is used against gram-negative infections in the urinary tract.
•Neomycin is used as an ointment in combination with polymyxin and bacitracin as
Neosporin.
Tetracyclines ✅are broad spectrum antibiotics that target the attachment of tRNA to
the 30S subunit.
•They have a benzene ring formation.
•They can destroy intestinal microbiota and cause staining of the teeth.
Chloramphenicol ✅is used against a wide variety of bacteria and some rickettsiae and
fungi.
•It is reserved for serious infections like:
-meningitis
-cholera
-typhoid and typhus fevers
-Rocky Mountain spotted fever
•Severe side effects include aplastic anemia and gray syndrome in newborns.
The macrolide erythromycin ✅is used against gram-positive bacteria.
, Some Antibiotics Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis ✅Rifampin interferes with RNA
synthesis.
•It is effective against tuberculosis, leprosy, and meningitis.
•It can cause liver damage.
Antiviral Drugs ✅Interfere with the Viral Replication Cycle
•Affect picornaviruses, herpesviruses, hepatitis B and C, HIV, and influenza
Designed to:
•Block entry of virus into a cell
•Interfere with genome replication
•Prevent new viruses from being produced
Antifungal Drug ✅Have Several Modes of Action
•Main targets for drugs are plasma membrane, cell wall, nucleic acids, and the
cytoskeletal microtubules.
The Goal of Antiprotistan Agents Is to Eradicate the Parasite ✅*Quinine or
Chloroquine* interferes with the parasite's ability to break down and digest hemoglobin.
There Are Several Antibiotic Susceptibility Assays ✅The tube dilution method
determines the lowest concentration of antibiotic that is effective.
•Antibiotic susceptibility tests
•The agar disk diffusion ✅method involves different antibiotics diffusing from paper
disks on a bacterial confluent growth.
Antibiotic Resistance Can Develop in Several Ways ✅•Mutations are spontaneous
changes in genetic material
•Horizontal gene transfer from donor cells:
•Transformation
•Transduction
•Conjugation
Rise of antibiotic resistance has resulted party from improper uses: ✅•Failure to
complete course
•Drug abuse
•Drug misuse in hospitals, developing countries, and for agricultural purposes
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