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Biol 2420 - Physiology Exam I Test Questions and Correct Answers
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Define physiology and explain how it is related to other science disciplines. the study of functioning of a normal living organism and its component parts, including chemical and physical processes List the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how the levels in...

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  • October 1, 2024
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  • biol 2420 physiology exam i test questions and c
  • define physiology and explain how it is related to
  • list the levels of structural organization that ma

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Biol 2420 - Physiology Exam I Test
Questions and Correct Answers
Define physiology and explain how it is related to other science disciplines. ✅the study
of functioning of a normal living organism and its component parts, including chemical
and physical processes

List the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how
the levels increase in complexity ✅atom - molecules - cells - tissues - organs - organ
systems - organisms - populations of species - ecosystem of diff species - biosphere

Explain how the organ systems cooperate to maintain the well-being of the human
body. Be able to describe examples of interdependence between organ systems. ✅10
systems (circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, musculoskeletal,
nervous, reproductive, respiratory, urinary)

E.g. body fluid volume influences blood pressure which alters kidney function because
kidneys regulate fluid volume

Distinguish between teleological and mechanistic approaches to physiology questions.
Be able to give an example of each. ✅function is the why - not a theme of physiology
(teleological approach); cells need oxygen so RBC's bring it to them

mechanisms is the how - the processes; oxygen binds to hemoglobin mol's contained in
the RBC's

Identify the major themes/concepts in Physiology and describe an example of each: ✅•
Structure/Function Relationships
-structure and function
-functional groups of proteins: enzymes, signal molecules, receptor proteins, and
specialized proteins (biological pupms, filters, motors, transporters)
-compartmentation (compartments within the cell; separation allows cells to regulate
metabolic reactions by isolating ezymes within organelles

• Biological Energy Use
• Communication
• Movement
• Homeostasis
• Evolution underlies all Biology

Define homeostasis and explain its importance and be able to describe examples.
✅maintenance of relatively stable condition of body's internal enviro
eg. temperature, pH, ion concentrations, oxygen, and water

,Recognize the consequence of failure to homeostasis. ✅failure to compensate; leads
to illness or death; internal failure (abnormal growth of cells, autoimmune diseases,
premature death of failure of cell processes); external failure (toxic chemicals, physical
trauma, foreign invaders-bacteria or viruses

response loop ✅stimulus - sensor - input signal (afferent) - integrating center - output
signal (efferent) - target/effector - response

Explain how homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment and why homeostasis
does not always equal equilibrium. ✅dynamic steady statel keeps system at or near a
setpoint

H2O is in osmotic equilibrium (free movement)

chemical and electrical disequilibrium necessary for function; selective permeability
gradients in ICF and ECF

Recognize how the law of mass balance helps maintain homeostasis and list the
sources of input and output in the body. ✅if the amount of a substance in the body is
to remain constant, any input must be offset by an equal loss. E.g. water

output occurs thru excretion or metabolism

Explain how control mechanisms maintain homeostasis: Contrast local control vs long
distance (also called reflex) control ✅local control: simplest homeostatic control;
autocrines & paracrines, restricted to a tissue or cell involved; eg. scratch swells and
turns red; pressing on finger cuts blood supply

long distance (reflex) control: nervous, endocrine, both; systemic; eg maintaining blood
pressure

Contrast negative feedback vs positive feedback (which is stabilizing?) and describe
examples. ✅negative feedback maintains homeostasis; response opposes or removes
the original stimulus which stops the response loop; stabilizes the regulated variable;
can restore normal state but cannot prevent initial disturbance

positive feedback - response reinforces the stimulus; eg oxytocin release during labor;
depolarization spike; sends system temporarily out of control, requires
intervention/event outside the loop to stop the response

Explain setpoints and variations of setpoints: Recognize examples of biological rhythms.
✅biological rhythms result from predictable changes in setpoint: circadian rhythm;
GnRH, LH release; seasonal breeding in animals

change predictably

, List the steps of the scientific method and the necessary parameters. ✅observe -
hypothesis - experiment - collect data - conclusion
must be testable

Contrast dependent and independent variable in an experiment, and be able to interpret
data portrayed on graphs. ✅independent variable = altered variable (manipulated)

dependent variable is observed; dependent variable is dependent on independent
variable

control - duplicate of experimental group except independent variable is maintained at
the initial value

crossover study - each individual acts as both experimental subject and control

Explain the value and limitations of human studies. ✅variability - dissimilar test
subjects

psychological factors-placebo vs nocebo effects

ethical considerations-withholding meds from very sick people

Use blind, double blind, double blind crossover studies

Prospective studies: looking forward
Retrospective studies: looking backward

*Explain how the study of physiology depends on the study of chemistry. ✅explains
the 'how' of the body functions; mechanistics

*Define radioisotope and describe an application of radioisotopes in research or
medicine. ✅have an unstable nuclei; emit energy -> radiation; researchers use as
tracers; eg. iodine in thyroid I 127 normal, I 131 abnormal

Explain the roles of electrons in bond formation and list the four major types of bonds
and relative strengths. ✅Covalent bonds - strong bonds; form when atoms share one
or more pairs of electrons; require energy to break

Ionic bonds - strong bonds formed when oppositely charged ions are attracted to each
other; electrons pulled from one atom to another

hydrogen bonds - weak bonds that form hen hydrogen atoms in polar mol's are
attracted to O, N, F; causes water surface tension; important for protein shape

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