Exam (elaborations)

Criminal Memon and Higham Exam Questions & Answers 2024/2025

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Uploaded on October 2, 2024
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criminal memon and higham exam questions answers

Institution Criminal Memon and Higham
Course Criminal Memon and Higham

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Criminal Memon and Higham Exam
Questions & Answers 2024/2025

Topic - ANSWERSCollection and use of evidence from witnesses and suspects

identity parade - ANSWERSused to confirm the identity of a suspect from a victim or witness. Usually
conducted behind a one way screen to ensure anonymity of the witness. Bias can occur when the
witness feels the need to identify someone. Contamination and misinformation effects can
unintentionally influence cognitive process. Feedback given to the witness in regards to the correct
selection of the suspects can inflate their confidence of accurate identification. This is important as
confidence is highly persuasive to a jury, however can be 100% confident and 100% wrong. A double
blind process can significantly reduce this effect.

Identikits - ANSWERSMethod of transforming the memory of a witness or victim into an image that can
be circulated to aid apprehension of a suspect. The process has evolved slowly beginning with hand
drawn sketches (the FBI still do) to composite photo fits to computer based imaging. However, is still
based upon the reconstructive nature of memory and therefore the results can be highly varied.

Lie Detection - ANSWERSPolice often state they are looking for physical cues for lying as often stated in
training manuals. However, there are believed to be no reliable physical cues or 'tells' that someone is
lying. Anxiety is often misinterpreted as lying or guilt. only story cues have been identified as being a
more reliable discriminator between truth and accuracy.

interrogation - ANSWERSused with suspects to get s confession/catch criminal. Davis and Leo have cited
more than 300 documented instances of false confessions which may have arisen from aggressive and
illegal interview techniques

Gudjonsson - ANSWERSsuggests there are 3 types of false confession: Voluntary, Coerced - internalized,
Coerced - compliant

Voluntary - ANSWERSTake the blame for someone, want to go to prison (lack of family/job/home -
conditions better in prison)

, Coerced - internalized - ANSWERSafter the accusations/interrogation process and individual may start to
believe they are capable/carried out the crime

coerced - compliant - ANSWERSthey confess to stop the interrogation process, give up fighting, to get
human rights back, are continuously told to by police

The police and criminals evidence act 1984 - ANSWERSrules and regulations to avoid police from eliciting
false confessions which include; significant changes in procedure, tape record interviews, easier access
to solicitors, prevent coercive methods of interrogation

Irish Bombings - ANSWERSin 1975 , 6 men were found guilty of carrying out the bombings. They spent 16
years in prison before their convictions were finally overturned by the Court of Appeal. They were
released on the basis of police fabrication of evidence, unreliability of scientific evidence and
suppression of evidence.

Standard Interview - ANSWERSGudjonsson identifies 4 nominal stages of SI; Orientation, Listening,
Questions + Answers, Advice

Standard Interview - ANSWERSDescribed as 'unstructured interview' as historically little/no training has
been provided giving the Police free reign to investigate how they see fit. This is known as question
focused approach.

Standard Interview - ANSWERSLed to issues such as leading questions, interruptions, short answers and
following 'inappropriate' sequences of questioning.

Standard Interview - ANSWERSHigh pressure questioning styles can lead to a false confession in suspect's
and false recall from witnesses.

Fisher and Geiselman - ANSWERSdeveloped cognitive interview based on cognitive psychology to
attempt to insulate the witnesses memory from post event information such as poorly implemented
interview.

Fisher and Geiselman - ANSWERSHuman memory is highly complex - is an active process which is
malleable and reconstructive

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Criminal Memon and Higham Exam Questions & Answers 2024/2025

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