NUR 250 Exam 3 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NUR 250
Institution
NUR 250
Nociceptors - pain receptors
- found in all tissues except cns
- tissue injury activates them to transmit pain information to somatosensory system
Chemical mediators of pain - prostaglandins
- bradykinin
- substance p
Moa of chemical mediators of pain - attach to nociceptor membrane and o...
NUR 250 Exam 3 Practice Questions and
Correct Answers
Nociceptors ✅- pain receptors
- found in all tissues except cns
- tissue injury activates them to transmit pain information to somatosensory system
Chemical mediators of pain ✅- prostaglandins
- bradykinin
- substance p
Moa of chemical mediators of pain ✅- attach to nociceptor membrane and open
sodium channels
- move to afferent nerve fibers, carrying impulses to spinal cord (away from injury)
- impulse sent to somatosensory cortex, limbic system, frontal/parietal lobes
- pain is perceived and interpreted based on past experiences (via efferent pathways,
escaping the brain)
- leads to release of endorphins, serotonin and other substances to try and inhibit pain
impulses
Gate control pain theory ✅- non-painful input closes 'pain gates' to dorsal horn,
prevents transmission to cns
- non-noxious stimuli (like rubbing and injured body part/tens therapy/ice) can decrease
transmission of pain
Neuromatrix pain theory ✅- brain produces patterns of nerve impulses drawn from
various inputs including psychologic and cognitive experiences
- various parts of cns works together to produce pain
Nociceptive pain ✅- somatic: sharp, aching, throbbing pain, localized to specific area
(cancer pain, labor pain)
- visceral: within body cavity, response to stretching, swelling, oxygen deprivation, can
have radiating pain (chron's, ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis)
Neuropathic pain ✅- results from pathology of somatosensory system
- phantom pain (burning, sharp, shooting)
- 'nerve pain'
Mixed pain syndromes ✅- combination of neuropathic and nociceptive pain
,- fibromyalgia
Acute pain ✅- brief disease process, lasts from hours to weeks
- pain has expected end point
- manifests as increased o2 need, increased glucose need, stress response activated
Surgical/trauma/wound pain ✅- can be somatic or visceral depending on area affected
- expectation is pain will stop when healing and/or few days to weeks after affected
procedure completed
Chronic pain ✅- increases in intensity over time (months/years)
- chronic diseases or after resolution of acute injury/inflammation
- beyond expected end point
- accompanied by fatigue, insomnia, depression
Sickle cell pain ✅- chronic recurrent
- genetic condition (gene on chromosome 11 is damaged)
- hemoglobin can bind to oxygen but when it releases, it collapses into a sickle
(crescent) shape
- pain seen in back, chest, extremities
, - cells group/clump together, causing obstruction of bf and increasing hypoxia risk
Sickle cell pain is accompanied by ✅- swelling
- tenderness
- increased rr
- htn
- fatigue
- bone enlargement
Cancer pain ✅- chronic progressive
- nociceptors stimulated by tissues/organs experiencing pressure from solid tumors ->
results in release of chemicals due to ischemia
- also caused by inflammation as cancer cells invade healthy tissue
Cancer pain can occur..... ✅- d/t cancer treatment
- d/t rapid cell death
- at the site of the primary tumor
- at a distant metastatic lesion
Osteoarthritis pain ✅- chronic progressive
- wear and tear from aging -> bone on bone
- more prevalent in women
- decreased rom
- tenderness, swelling, crepitus
Intervertebral disk degeneration ✅- decrease in cushion in disks, nerves can be
compressed and swell
Herniated/ruptured disk ✅- when disk ruptures, fluid leaks and impinges on nearby
nerves (compressed nerve)
- can lead to sciatica
Sciatica ✅- low back pain along the distribution of a lumbar nerve root
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