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Exam (elaborations)

NUR 250 Exam 3 Practice Questions and Correct Answers

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  • Course
  • NUR 250
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  • NUR 250

Nociceptors - pain receptors - found in all tissues except cns - tissue injury activates them to transmit pain information to somatosensory system Chemical mediators of pain - prostaglandins - bradykinin - substance p Moa of chemical mediators of pain - attach to nociceptor membrane and o...

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  • October 2, 2024
  • 24
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • NUR 250
  • NUR 250
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NUR 250 Exam 3 Practice Questions and
Correct Answers
Nociceptors ✅- pain receptors
- found in all tissues except cns
- tissue injury activates them to transmit pain information to somatosensory system

Chemical mediators of pain ✅- prostaglandins
- bradykinin
- substance p

Moa of chemical mediators of pain ✅- attach to nociceptor membrane and open
sodium channels
- move to afferent nerve fibers, carrying impulses to spinal cord (away from injury)
- impulse sent to somatosensory cortex, limbic system, frontal/parietal lobes
- pain is perceived and interpreted based on past experiences (via efferent pathways,
escaping the brain)
- leads to release of endorphins, serotonin and other substances to try and inhibit pain
impulses

Types of fibers ✅- a-delta: rapid, sharp/local (reflex)
- c-fibers: slow, dull, aching, burning
- a-beta: vibration, touch

Gate control pain theory ✅- non-painful input closes 'pain gates' to dorsal horn,
prevents transmission to cns
- non-noxious stimuli (like rubbing and injured body part/tens therapy/ice) can decrease
transmission of pain

Neuromatrix pain theory ✅- brain produces patterns of nerve impulses drawn from
various inputs including psychologic and cognitive experiences
- various parts of cns works together to produce pain

Nociceptive pain ✅- somatic: sharp, aching, throbbing pain, localized to specific area
(cancer pain, labor pain)
- visceral: within body cavity, response to stretching, swelling, oxygen deprivation, can
have radiating pain (chron's, ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis)

Neuropathic pain ✅- results from pathology of somatosensory system
- phantom pain (burning, sharp, shooting)
- 'nerve pain'

Mixed pain syndromes ✅- combination of neuropathic and nociceptive pain

,- fibromyalgia

Acute pain ✅- brief disease process, lasts from hours to weeks
- pain has expected end point
- manifests as increased o2 need, increased glucose need, stress response activated

Labor pain ✅- acute pain
- visceral and somatic
- increased sns activity

Surgical/trauma/wound pain ✅- can be somatic or visceral depending on area affected
- expectation is pain will stop when healing and/or few days to weeks after affected
procedure completed

Chronic pain ✅- increases in intensity over time (months/years)
- chronic diseases or after resolution of acute injury/inflammation
- beyond expected end point
- accompanied by fatigue, insomnia, depression

Chronic recurrent pain ✅- headache/migraine
- sickle cell

Chronic progressive pain ✅- cancer pain
- osteoarthritis

Chronic intractable benign pain ✅- neck/back/sciatic
- fibromyalgia

Headache/migraine pain ✅- chronic recurrent pain
- episodic head pain, throbbing
- strong genetic component (altered brain excitability)
- can have aura
- stimulation releases pain-producing chemical mediators (substance p) resulting in
vasodilation

Headache/migraine triggers ✅- dietary
- environmental
- hormonal
- stress/anxiety

Sickle cell pain ✅- chronic recurrent
- genetic condition (gene on chromosome 11 is damaged)
- hemoglobin can bind to oxygen but when it releases, it collapses into a sickle
(crescent) shape
- pain seen in back, chest, extremities

, - cells group/clump together, causing obstruction of bf and increasing hypoxia risk

Sickle cell pain is accompanied by ✅- swelling
- tenderness
- increased rr
- htn
- fatigue
- bone enlargement

Sickle cell pain triggers ✅- exercise
- high altitude
- alcohol
- pregnancy
- smoking
- infection
- stress

Cancer pain ✅- chronic progressive
- nociceptors stimulated by tissues/organs experiencing pressure from solid tumors ->
results in release of chemicals due to ischemia
- also caused by inflammation as cancer cells invade healthy tissue

Cancer pain can occur..... ✅- d/t cancer treatment
- d/t rapid cell death
- at the site of the primary tumor
- at a distant metastatic lesion

Osteoarthritis pain ✅- chronic progressive
- wear and tear from aging -> bone on bone
- more prevalent in women
- decreased rom
- tenderness, swelling, crepitus

Neck/back/sciatic pain ✅- chronic intractable
- risk factors: lifestyle habits, poor posture, decreased fitness levels, poor body
mechanics

Intervertebral disk degeneration ✅- decrease in cushion in disks, nerves can be
compressed and swell

Herniated/ruptured disk ✅- when disk ruptures, fluid leaks and impinges on nearby
nerves (compressed nerve)
- can lead to sciatica

Sciatica ✅- low back pain along the distribution of a lumbar nerve root

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