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LLCU 213 EXAM QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE ANSWERS
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LLCU 213 EXAM QUESTIONS ANDCOMPLETE ANSWERS
Social Disorganization Theory - Answer - a macro theory looking across different
communities or neighbourhoods
- Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. Mckay
- location matters
- persons residential location is a substantial factor shaping the likelihood that that
person will become involved in illegal activity
- as significant as the person's individual characteristics
- poverty rate, unemployment rate
Anomie - Answer - Durkheim (suicide rates)
- used in US by Robert Merton to describe adaptations in behaviour and the interaction
between legitimate and illegitimate means
- anomie may apply when there are not enough legitimate means to reach legitimate
societal goals
- occur when society is in a state of disorder and disintegration, as opposed to stability
and integration
Anomie - Answer - applied to the acquisition of wealth, the attainment of status, or the
expression of cultural or class values
- failure to achieve positively valued goals, removal of positively valued stimuli, and
confrontation with negative stimuli
Anomie and Strain Theories - Answer - develop projects designed to bring stability and
order to disorganized communities
- the hope has been that increasing the stability of the community, the schools, and the
family would reduce criminal and delinquent acts
Conflict Theory - Answer - sees social life as a competition and focuses on the
distribution of resources, power and inequality
- society = arena of inequality that generates social conflict and social change
- karl marx = father of social conflict theory
,Social Control - Answer - informal social control exists in families, peer groups,
churches, and in communities
- when there is a breakdown of informal social control, formal social control increases
- law = formal social control
Marxist Theorist - Answer - believe that capitalism is the cause of crime and delinquency
Instrumental Marxist Theorist - Answer - entire system of capitalism serves to benefit
the ruling elite
Structural Marxist - Answer - in short term the political state maintains some degree of
independence from the ruling elite
Marxist View - Answer - crime is either committed by the ruling class to keep the
working class in place, or by the working class to strike out against the ruling class
Radical and Critical Theories - Answer - crime and delinquency are defined by those
who have the power in society
- law & criminal justice system = keep powerless under control
Feminist Theories - Answer - focus on patriarchy and the role it plays in society
- women can be treated less severely than men for committing a crime, or more severely
than men in an attempt to keep them subservient to men
- patriarchal system as the root division in society between the dominant and
subordinate groups
- why men commit more crimes than women
Power-control theorists - Answer - contend that traditional families encourage male
delinquency, and inhibit female delinquency
Nature vs. Nurture - Answer - external influence of society was the main driving factor
for why one may commit crimes
- "theory of anomie" = understand why criminal choose to act the way they do
- Merton believed that cultural goals and a person's motivation to achieve them in a
legitimate manner are not always in balance and an imbalance leads to anomie or
deviant behaviour
Differential Association Theory - Answer - anomie does not address why some
individuals innovate through criminality and others do not
- DAT explains how an individual accepts and learns criminal behaviours
- studies the learning process of individuals through their socialization with others
, - Edwin Sutherland
Edwin Sutherland - Answer -DAT
- to address individuals' drivers and respond to the fact that organized crime was
flourished in both the middle and lower classes of society
- all behaviour is learned from person groups; and the impact of an individual's personal
group is dependent on the intensity, duration, and frequency of integration with those
groups
Subcultures and Social Disorganization - Answer - subcultural values create the fertile
ground from which organized crime grows
- "Large scale social, economic, cultural, and political as well as local forces generate
different patters of poverty and social disorganization. these together, interactively,
create distinctive subculture"
Young gang subcultures - Answer - organized crime flourishes in neighbourhoods with a
greater degree of social disorganization bc deprived of readily available legal success
models and are exposed to other influences like drug dealers and racketeers
Researches in Canada - Answer - poverty disposes children to various forms of
disadvantage
- impact that being poor has on both actual and expected victimization
- damaging effects determined by membership to less advantaged geographical areas
-crime = most concentrated in city
Subculture - Answer - cultural group within a larger culture that consists of those who
share something in common
- class, ethnicity, religion or place of residence
Differential opportunity theory - Answer - illegitimate opportunity for success, like
legitimate opportunity, is not equally distributed throughout society and access to
criminal ladders of success are no more freely available than are noncriminal
alternative
- social ties = important
Social Control Theory - Answer - delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to
society is weak or broken and the strength of this bond is determined by external and
internal restraints
External Restraints - Answer - social disapproval linked to public shame/ social
ostracism and fear of punishment
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