Covers 19th century art for Intro to Art History (ARTH 111)
Art Covered:
- George Washington by Jean-Antoine Houdon
- Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David
- Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jacques-Louis David
- A Heroic Feat! With Dead Men! by Francisco de Goya
- The Stonebreakers by Gustave C...
Key Points
- Continued social, political, and economic upheavals from the previous century—toppling of
governments, internal struggles and civil wars, and an increasing sense of nationalism (unification of
Germany and Italy)
- Movements and calls for independence lead to real change, particularly in the Americas at the same
time European imperial reach looked to colonize more of Asia and Africa
- Social change and reform—interest in the rights of laborers (e.g. new socialist ideas promoted by
Karl Marx); at the same time, Industrial Revolution expanded and brought with it, increased
urbanization and building campaigns
- New ideas about science and the origins of species—Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution
Neoclassicism
- (neo) classism
- New interest in classical past
- Developed in second half of the 18th century in art, architecture, and decorative arts in Rome
- Rediscovery of two ancient Roman cities: Herculaneum (1738) and Pompeii (1748)
- Stylistic traits?
- Bold palette; rich colors
- Emphasis on symmetry; regularity
- Sense of balance and proportion
- Regular shapes
Neoclassicism in Italy
- Italy in 18th century: made up of individual city-states—NOT unified country
- Rome: artistic center for Italian and foreign artists
- Naples: important for development of archaeology and study of antiquity
- Key sites for the development of neoclassicism
, George Washington
- Wearing clothes
- Modern fashion
- Classical references
- Natrualistc
- Drapery effect with coat
- Plow for his farming background
- Aspects of Washington
- Farmer
- Military general
- citizen/civilian
- Portrayed as a man not a god
- Contrapposto
Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington, marble,
Virginia State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia, 1788-1792
French Revolution
- Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette
- 1789: French government is BROKE; angry mobs incite rioting; storming of the Bastille
- 1792: French Revolution turns radical
- 1793: Jacobins take over; King and Queen executed; referred to as the TERROR
- 1794–1799: Moderate reaction; Jacobins are ousted and the Directory is established
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