Lifespan Development Final Exam
Dr. Jones encountered a problem with a new client in therapy. Using the model of
reflective practice described in Chapter 1, what is the sequence of steps he should use
in order to work with this client effectively?
Reflect on well-established theories; apply the theoretical knowledge to the individual's
case; and then test out new ways of thinking about the problem if prior theory does not
suffice.
Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because
they are based on scientific research.
Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit "incrementalist" belief
about intelligence?
A counselor who recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client who is
experiencing academic problems.
Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior,
cognition, or social relationships.
Qualitative
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following
statements is an accurate representation of his ideas?
Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more
positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
Models of development which hold that change typically occurs in shifts between
periods of relative stability and periods of disequilibrium are called
stage models
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are
called
incremental models.
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal
influences, both from within the person and from the external environment are called
multidimensional models.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to
reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment.
,Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care
is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who
also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. According to
Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's development
represents an example of a proximal process?
The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care
is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who
also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. Which of the
following influences represents an example of a distal process?
Governmental policies and subsidies for child care that apply in the city.
Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city.
Affordable, high quality child care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood.
Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's model, is limiting her
access to high quality day care in her community?
Exosystem
Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and
nurture?
How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect
development?
A group of people characterized by shared traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs
handed down from one generation to another constitute ______________.
an ethnic group.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income,
and occupation is called
socioeconomic status.
The belief that individuals create their own knowledge by interpreting new experience in
the light of past experience is a fundamental proposition of
constructivism.
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of
development may result in a wide range of possible outcomes.
multifinality
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness
in the general population is called
primary prevention.
The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls
the expression of
,hereditary material.
In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with genes
for low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress
reactivity. This is an example of
a cross-fostering study.
In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers,
alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the
development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or principles does
this example demonstrate?
Epigenesis.
Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following sequences
would you expect to be correct?
The heart begins to form before the hands.
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the
developing fetus?
The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure.
When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food was in
short supply in her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born, and his
middle-class mother was able to provide him with adequate, nutritious food throughout
his childhood. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely for Joey?
Joey is at greater risk of serious ongoing health problems than youngsters who have
adequate prenatal nutrition.
The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of
the following effects on the fetus?
Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability
Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic
stress on the body?
The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is
compromised.
The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are
forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
The process of myelination is not completed until
well into adulthood.
Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus'
developing brain?
, The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon
environmental input, like sound.
Sally, age 28, recently married John, age 45. They would like to have a child, but they
are concerned that they may be at high risk to have a child with a chromosomal
abnormality, like Down's syndrome, because of John's age. What is their genetic
counselor likely to tell them?
They are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of
John's age, but not for Down's syndrome.
For most mental illnesses and behavioral disorders, like alcoholism and clinical
depression, the genetic contribution can best be described as
polygenic.
Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include
widely spaced eyes and flattened nose.
Children who suffer severe protein and calorie shortages at any age may experience
stunted growth, a protuberant belly, and extreme apathy. This severe starvation
syndrome is called
kwashiorkor.
Of the following, which is the most accurate example of coaction?
Genes that are related to a specific disorder may be expressed phenotypically only in a
certain kind of environment.
Robert and Nadine both have been laid off. The couple has inadequate access to food
or health care. When they realize that Nadine is pregnant, they feel desperate, and they
talk to a social worker at a local clinic about their situation. The social worker is able to
provide them with referrals to a food outlet, but she is unable to find a prenatal care
clinic that provides free services in their neighborhood. Considering the effects of
multiple risk factors, what is the most likely potential value of the social worker's efforts?
The fewer risk factors the better, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with
the limited help the social worker provided.
Massage therapy for infants has been very successful in promoting weight gain and
social interaction, and in decreasing distress in low birth weight infants. Based upon
developmental research, what is the best explanation for this?
Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for
soothing and regulating the newborn.
Brenda and Louise are twin sisters who each married 20 years ago. Brenda and her
husband run a small piano tuning business. They have had a small, loyal customer
base, and their modest but adequate income has not changed over time. Louise and
her husband each work for a corporation, and their incomes have steadily increased
over the last 20 years allowing them to increase their standard of living. Assuming that
