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PHAR 100 - Midterm questions and answers 2025
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PHAR 100 - Midterm questions and answers 2025
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PHAR 100 - Midterm questionsand answers 2025
-Civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China
-Poison: Curare, Ergot
-Religion - answer Key historical influences to pharmacology
currently found in topical creams (i.e. calamine) - answer Why was
zinc oxide an important compound
greece - opium - codeine + morphine
egypt - senna, purgatives
china - ephedrine (asthma) - answer What did ancient greece,
egypt, and china contribute
poison = paralysis/death, drug = anesthesia - answer What is
Curare's function as a poison + pharmaceutical
poison = mental frenzy, burning limbs, uterus contraction
pharm = ergotamine: treats migraines, ergonovine: arrests uterine
bleeding after childbirth - answer What is Ergot's function as a
poison + pharmaceutical
organoarsenicals - binds to parasites = cure for syphillis - answer
What did Paul Ehrlich design
1- drug discovery
2- pre-clinical
3- clinical trial: initial steps
,4- phase 1: young healthy people
5- phase 2: people affected by disesase (~500 ppl)
6- phase 3: people affected by disease (1000+)
7- Health Canda review
8- Manufacturing
9 - Phase 4: tests over long period/taken concurrently w/ other
drugs - answer Name 9 basic drug development steps
-before/after
-fear
-offer an easy solution
-attention catching
-celeb endorsement
-discredit other manufacturers - answer Name 6 advertising
techniques
-receptors
-chemical rxn
-physical/chemical forces - answer Name 3 drug targets
The dose that gives 50% of max. response - answer Explain ED50
Excretion: kidney (80%+ of drugs), must be water soluble
(conversion needed) Biotransformation in liver, metabolism, feces
(GI tract), saliva, sweat, milk, - answer What are factors that
contribute to the removal of the drug from the body
the max pharmacological response that can be produced by a
specific drug in that bio system - answer Define efficacy
, The dose of a drug required to produce a certain response (usually
50% of max) - answer Define potency
range of doses that keep [blood] of a drug above the [minimum] to
produce desirable response, but below the [toxic response] - answer
Define therapeutic range
1-absorption
2-distribution
3-metabolism
4-excretion - answer What are the 4 major processes of
pharmacokinetics
1. Topical
2. Enteral admin (enter blood through GI tract)
3. Parental admin (injected into bloodstream) - answer Name 3
general main routes of administration
1. on skin
2. through skin (transdermal)
3. inhalation (rapidly absorbed by lungs) - answer What are the 3
topical administration methods
1. mouth: most convenient, least expensive
2. rectum: systemic or local, bypasses stomach/liver enzymes
3. sublingual/buccal: under tongue/cheek - answer What are the 3
enteral administration methods
liver contains enzymes that are able to convert drugs + other
chemicals to water soluble products to be excreted in the urine -
usually results in inactivation - answer Explain biotransformation
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