LS15 Final Phelan UCLA Exam New Latest Version
with Questions from Actual Past Exam and 100%
Correct Answers
What does mismatch mean and what are its implications on your instincts ----------- Correct
Answer ------------- When your EEA is not ur current environment, you can't trust your instincts
cuz they don't correlate to your environment
It's an inappropriate message
Our instinct is to eat food whenever we see it
Our instinct is to preserve our energy so we aren't motivated to exercise
Why is it hard to be a teenager? Be specific ----------- Correct Answer ------------- The body
wants sex but the brain wants grad school
Are all proteins created equal? Are all fats/ carbs created equal? ----------- Correct Answer --------
----- NO
What is a protein and what is a big distinction
Complete and incomplete proteins
Meat and eggs contain all 8 essential proteins
Soy and quinoa contain all 8 but other plant-based ones don't so they often need to be paired
together
What are the taste preferences? Why do they exist? ----------- Correct Answer ------------- They
exist cuz u get more energy per gram of fat than u do for carbs or protein
Fats store energy
People who eat fats are less likely to starve and more likely to survive
What are vitamins and minerals? Should you take supplements? ----------- Correct Answer -------
------ Doesn't use for structural growth
Catalyze enzymes
Having more doesn't help
If you lose a lot of blood during menstruation, pregnant, don't go out in the sun
Describe 3 other examples of conflict that humans experience due to the alien nature of our
world? ----------- Correct Answer ------------- People become cocaine addicts they want to stop
but they can't cuz body has evolved
Teenagers
Food
What is a naturalistic fallacy? Give an example of how people commit it? ----------- Correct
Answer ------------- Not everything natural is good
You can talk about NS producing a behavior w/o any opinion on moral/ethical of the behavior
NS doesn't necessarily produce good behavior
NF: things that are natural are good
,It's not true
There's no correlation
Describe the organization and function of the nervous system ----------- Correct Answer -----------
-- Central and Peripheral
Sensory receptors take in info from the environment and the sensory neurons send it to the
brain/spinal cord which then sends info to motor neurons affecting our muscles
Sensory receptors (eyes, ears, etc) > (sensory neurons) integration (brain/spinal cord) > (motor
neurons) > effectors (muscles, glands)
PNS = all other nervous system tissue
Gather info and relay it to the CNS
Once the CNS processes it they follow the command of the CNS
CNS = brain + spinal cord
The nervous system exists in us so we can detect external stimuli, integrate them with our
existence and needs, and take action
What do our senses all have in common? ----------- Correct Answer ------------- Specialized
receptors that respond to external stimuli with a signal to the brain
What's an action potential? When does one occur? ----------- Correct Answer ------------- - It's
either flushing or not and there's a threshold
- Change in membrane potential needs to be
- Same across all the species
described as an electrical signal
Steps
Resting-state
Depolarization: Na+ rushes in and cells become +ve
Repolarization: K+ rushes out and cells become -ve
Undershoot: K+ channels are slow to close so K+ keeps rushing out making it too negative
Returns to rest: Na+ and K+ closes, the Na+ is pumped out and K+ is pumped in
using an example describe how drugs influence stuff at the synapse
Caffeine, botox, cocaine, Prozac, heroin, Adderall
Understanding one topic ----------- Correct Answer ------------- Typical synapse:
AP arrives at terminal button
Calcium channels open and calcium rushes in
Vesicles fuse with terminal button membrane
NT dumped into the synapse
NT binds with the postsynaptic receptor, causes AP or muscle contraction
Re-uptake/enzymatic breakdown
Pleasure Center:
Neuron is stimulated
Dopamine is released in the synapse
Receptors of adjacent cells bind to dopamine and fire
Happiness ensues
, How does each drug work ----------- Correct Answer ------------- Cocaine binds to the reuptake
receptor, blocks them, and dopamine remains in the synapse, pleasure is intensified
Prozac blocks serotonin re-uptake which reduces depression
Adenosine is supposed to slow down neuron firing... Caffeine looks like adenosine and binds to
adenosine receptors; it prevents accumulating adenosine from inhibiting brain activity. Caffeine
increases neuron firing.
LSD binds to serotonin receptors
Ecstacy blocks serotonin re-uptake
Botox blocks calcium channels from opening so neurons cannot fire, and muscles become
paralyzed. Prevents acetylcholine release
Adderall blocks re-uptake of dop, ser, and adrenaline
Hormones: what are they? How do they work? Use an example ----------- Correct Answer --------
----- Chemical signals that are secreted into our body fluids that may reach many cells but only
the target cells respond
Keep in contrast w nervous system
Hormones affect the body over time
The nervous system affects the body rapidly
Regulating processes + responses in ur body
They stimulate stuff happening
Radio waves are everywhere all the time just like hormones. Hormones are out there in the
circulatory system but when a hormone hits a cell it can turn genes on or off
Individuals don't produce testosterone receptors
If u don't have receptors it's like u have 0 testosterone
Receptors really matter
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that influences people's trust in others, encouraging social
attachment
Cortisol is pumped when you are nervous, suppressing your immune system and focusing the
body's efforts elsewhere
Describe 3 lines of evidence suggesting estrogen and testosterone influences sex differences -----
------ Correct Answer ------------- Supplementing estrogen improves object memory performance
Menopause decreases OMP
Menstruation cycles -> OMP highest mid-cycle
Testosterone stimulates hair growth, low voice, and muscle mass
Testosterone improves visuospatial skills
Male rats are better at maze running than female rats only during high testosterone season
Describe when oxytocin release is stimulated and the consequences ----------- Correct Answer ---
---------- Skin to skin contact
Social attachment, increased trust
Same for Cortisol
Stressful environment
Fight or flight responses
The immune system is suppressed
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