Exam (elaborations)
BIS 2B FINAL exam study guide questions and answers correct and verified 100%
BIS 2B FINAL exam study guide questions and answers correct and verified 100%
BIS 2B FINAL exam study guide questions and answers correct and verified 100%
In class we introduced a very simple 'SIR' model for the dynamics of an epidemic
pathogen in a host population. We derived an expressi...
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BIS 2B FINAL exam study guide question
bh bh bh bh bh bh
s and answers correct and verified 100%
bh bh bh bh bh bh
Inbhclassbhwebhintroducedbhabhverybhsimplebh'SIR'bhmodelbhforbhthebhdynamicsbhofbhanbhepidemic
pathogenbhinbhabhhostbhpopulation.bhWebhderivedbhanbhexpressionbhthatbhdescribesbhthe
conditionsbhunderbhwhichbhanbhepidemicbhwillbhoccur:
βS/γbh>1
(A)bhWhatbhbiologicalbhprocessesbharebhrepresentedbhbybhβ,bhS,bhandbhγ?bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
βbhisbhthebhpathogen'sbhtransmissionbhrate.
Sbhisbhthebhnumberbhofbhsusceptiblebhhosts
present.
γbhisbhthebhratebhofbh'removal'bhofbhthebhinfectedbhhostsbhfrombhthebhpopulationbhthroughbheitherbhdeathbhorbhrec
overybhwithbhsubsequentbhimmunitybh(forbhvertebratebhhosts)
Inbhclassbhwebhintroducedbhabhverybhsimplebh'SIR'bhmodelbhforbhthebhdynamicsbhofbhanbhepidemic
pathogenbhinbhabhhostbhpopulation.bhWebhderivedbhanbhexpressionbhthatbhdescribesbhthe
conditionsbhunderbhwhichbhanbhepidemicbhwillbhoccur:
βS/γbh>1
(B)bhWhatbhisbhthebhbiologicalbhsignificancebhofbh1/γ?bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-1/γ
isbhthebhmeanbhtimebhthatbhanbhinfectedbhindividualbhhasbhthebhdiseasebhandbhcanbhinfectbhotherbhindividualsbhwit
hinbhthebhhostbhpopulation.
Inbhclassbhwebhintroducedbhabhverybhsimplebh'SIR'bhmodelbhforbhthebhdynamicsbhofbhanbhepidemic
pathogenbhinbhabhhostbhpopulation.bhWebhderivedbhanbhexpressionbhthatbhdescribesbhthe
conditionsbhunderbhwhichbhanbhepidemicbhwillbhoccur:
βS/γbh>1
(C)bhExplainbhinbhabhsentencebhorbhtwobhwhybhthebhpathogenbhshouldbhspreadbhifbhthisbhconditionbhis
satisfied.bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
Thebhpathogenbhshouldbhspreadbhanybhtimebhthisbhconditionbhisbhsatisfiedbhbecausebhthisbhconditionbhsaysbhthatb
heachbhinfectedbhindividualbhwillbhgivebhrisebhtobh>1bhotherbhinfectedbhindividual.bhSo,bhthisbhsaysbhthatbhthebhpop
ulationbhofbhinfectedbhindividualsbhwill,bhatbhleast
, initially,bhincrease.
Inbhclassbhwebhintroducedbhabhverybhsimplebh'SIR'bhmodelbhforbhthebhdynamicsbhofbhanbhepidemic
pathogenbhinbhabhhostbhpopulation.bhWebhderivedbhanbhexpressionbhthatbhdescribesbhthe
conditionsbhunderbhwhichbhanbhepidemicbhwillbhoccur:
βS/γbh>1
(D)bhWhatbhprocessbhwillbheventuallybhcausebhthebhepidemicbhtobhend?bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
Inbhthisbhmodel,bhtherebhisbhnobhbirthbhprocessbhrepresentedbhforbhthebhhostbhpopulation.bhSo,
thebhtotalbhnumberbhofbhhostsbh(susceptible,bhinfected,bhandbh'removed')bhisbhconstantbhoverbhtime.bhThus,bhasbh
thebhepidemicbhspreads,bhthebhnumberbhofbhsusceptiblebhhostsbhisbhprogressivelybhreducedbhinbhsize.bhEventuall
ybhthebhcriticalbhconditionbhforbhfurtherbhspreadbhofbhthebhepidemicbh(βS/γ>bh1)bhwillbhnobhlongerbhbebhsatisfied,bh
andbhthebhnumberbhofbhinfectedbhindividualsbhwillbhdeclinebhtobhzero.
Patternsbhofbhplaguebh(Yersiniabhpestis)bhoutbreaksbhinbhgerbilbhpopulationsbhinbhnaturebhsuggestbh-
bhcorrectbhanswers-
thatbhplaguebhepidemicsbhoccurbhonlybhwhenbhgerbilbhdensitiesbhexceedbhabhcriticalbhdensitybhthreshold
Bybhexperimentallybhremovingbhparasiticbhnematodesbhfrombhpopulationsbhofbhredbhgrouse,bhresearchersbhde
monstratedbhdefinitivelybhthatbh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
nematodebhinfectionbhwasbhresponsiblebhforbhthebhperiodicbhcrashesbhofbhthebhgrousebhpopulations
Inbhabhsentencebhorbhtwo,bhexplainbhwhatbhisbhmeantbhbybh"herdbhimmunity."bh(B)bhWhybhmight
itbhbebhimportantbhforbhhumanbhsocietiesbhto
mandatebhimmunizationbhagainstbhsevere
infectiousbhdiseasesbhlikebhwhoopingbhcough?bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
Herdbhimmunitybhrefersbhtobhthebhconditionbhwherebhunvaccinatedbhindividualsbharebhprotectedbhfrombhdisease
bhepidemicsbhinbhabhpopulationbhwherebhvaccinationbhratesbharebhsufficientlybhhighbhthatbhepidemicsbhcannotbho
ccurbh(i.e.,bhwherebhthebhproportionbhofbhvaccinatedbhindividualsbhsatisfiesbhthebhcondition:bhp>1-1R0).
Mandatorybhimmunizationbhisbhespeciallybhimportantbhwherebh100%bhimmunizationbhofbhthebhhostbhpopulatio
nbhisbhnotbhpossiblebhorbhwherebhthebhyoungestbhindividualsbhcannotbhbebhimmunizedbheffectivelybh(e.g.,bhbecau
sebhofbhtheirbhimmaturebhimmunebhsystems)bhbutbhare
vulnerablebhtobhseverebhformsbhofbhthebhinfectiousbhdisease.
Inbhclassbhwebhworkedbhthroughbhanbhexperimentbhthatbhdemonstratedbhthatbhmutualismsbhbasedbhonbhresourc
ebhexchangebhcanbhworkbhwhenbhonebhorganismbhisbhparticularlybhgoodbhatbhsecuringbhonebhessentialbhresourceb
h(C)bhandbhanotherbhorganismbhisbhparticularlybhgoodbhatbhsecuringbhabhdifferentbhessentialbhresourcebh(P).bhThebh
organismsbhcanbhbothbhincreasebhtheirbhreproductivebhsuccessbhbybhtradingbhwithbheachbhother.bh
Canbhmutualismsbhbasedbhonbhresourcebhexchangebhstillbhbebhfavoredbhbybhnaturalbhselectionbhifbhonebhofbhthebho
rganismsbhisbhnotbhbetter,bhinbhanbhabsolutebhsense,bhatbhsecuringbheitherbhofbhthebhtwobhresources?bhUsebhtableb
hbelowbhtobhanswerbhquestion.bhNotebhthatbhSpeciesbhBbhnowbhharvestsbhlessbhCbhand