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BIS 2B FINAL exam study guide questions and answers correct and verified 100%
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BIS 2B FINAL exam study guide questions and answers correct and verified 100% BIS 2B FINAL exam study guide questions and answers correct and verified 100% In class we introduced a very simple 'SIR' model for the dynamics of an epidemic pathogen in a host population. We derived an expressi...

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  • October 3, 2024
  • 15
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BIS 2B FINAL exam study guide question
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s and answers correct and verified 100%
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Inbhclassbhwebhintroducedbhabhverybhsimplebh'SIR'bhmodelbhforbhthebhdynamicsbhofbhanbhepidemic

pathogenbhinbhabhhostbhpopulation.bhWebhderivedbhanbhexpressionbhthatbhdescribesbhthe

conditionsbhunderbhwhichbhanbhepidemicbhwillbhoccur:

βS/γbh>1

(A)bhWhatbhbiologicalbhprocessesbharebhrepresentedbhbybhβ,bhS,bhandbhγ?bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
βbhisbhthebhpathogen'sbhtransmissionbhrate.

Sbhisbhthebhnumberbhofbhsusceptiblebhhosts

present.

γbhisbhthebhratebhofbh'removal'bhofbhthebhinfectedbhhostsbhfrombhthebhpopulationbhthroughbheitherbhdeathbhorbhrec
overybhwithbhsubsequentbhimmunitybh(forbhvertebratebhhosts)

Inbhclassbhwebhintroducedbhabhverybhsimplebh'SIR'bhmodelbhforbhthebhdynamicsbhofbhanbhepidemic

pathogenbhinbhabhhostbhpopulation.bhWebhderivedbhanbhexpressionbhthatbhdescribesbhthe

conditionsbhunderbhwhichbhanbhepidemicbhwillbhoccur:

βS/γbh>1

(B)bhWhatbhisbhthebhbiologicalbhsignificancebhofbh1/γ?bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-1/γ

isbhthebhmeanbhtimebhthatbhanbhinfectedbhindividualbhhasbhthebhdiseasebhandbhcanbhinfectbhotherbhindividualsbhwit
hinbhthebhhostbhpopulation.

Inbhclassbhwebhintroducedbhabhverybhsimplebh'SIR'bhmodelbhforbhthebhdynamicsbhofbhanbhepidemic

pathogenbhinbhabhhostbhpopulation.bhWebhderivedbhanbhexpressionbhthatbhdescribesbhthe

conditionsbhunderbhwhichbhanbhepidemicbhwillbhoccur:

βS/γbh>1

(C)bhExplainbhinbhabhsentencebhorbhtwobhwhybhthebhpathogenbhshouldbhspreadbhifbhthisbhconditionbhis

satisfied.bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
Thebhpathogenbhshouldbhspreadbhanybhtimebhthisbhconditionbhisbhsatisfiedbhbecausebhthisbhconditionbhsaysbhthatb
heachbhinfectedbhindividualbhwillbhgivebhrisebhtobh>1bhotherbhinfectedbhindividual.bhSo,bhthisbhsaysbhthatbhthebhpop

ulationbhofbhinfectedbhindividualsbhwill,bhatbhleast

, initially,bhincrease.

Inbhclassbhwebhintroducedbhabhverybhsimplebh'SIR'bhmodelbhforbhthebhdynamicsbhofbhanbhepidemic

pathogenbhinbhabhhostbhpopulation.bhWebhderivedbhanbhexpressionbhthatbhdescribesbhthe

conditionsbhunderbhwhichbhanbhepidemicbhwillbhoccur:

βS/γbh>1

(D)bhWhatbhprocessbhwillbheventuallybhcausebhthebhepidemicbhtobhend?bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
Inbhthisbhmodel,bhtherebhisbhnobhbirthbhprocessbhrepresentedbhforbhthebhhostbhpopulation.bhSo,

thebhtotalbhnumberbhofbhhostsbh(susceptible,bhinfected,bhandbh'removed')bhisbhconstantbhoverbhtime.bhThus,bhasbh
thebhepidemicbhspreads,bhthebhnumberbhofbhsusceptiblebhhostsbhisbhprogressivelybhreducedbhinbhsize.bhEventuall
ybhthebhcriticalbhconditionbhforbhfurtherbhspreadbhofbhthebhepidemicbh(βS/γ>bh1)bhwillbhnobhlongerbhbebhsatisfied,bh
andbhthebhnumberbhofbhinfectedbhindividualsbhwillbhdeclinebhtobhzero.

Patternsbhofbhplaguebh(Yersiniabhpestis)bhoutbreaksbhinbhgerbilbhpopulationsbhinbhnaturebhsuggestbh-
bhcorrectbhanswers-

thatbhplaguebhepidemicsbhoccurbhonlybhwhenbhgerbilbhdensitiesbhexceedbhabhcriticalbhdensitybhthreshold

Bybhexperimentallybhremovingbhparasiticbhnematodesbhfrombhpopulationsbhofbhredbhgrouse,bhresearchersbhde
monstratedbhdefinitivelybhthatbh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
nematodebhinfectionbhwasbhresponsiblebhforbhthebhperiodicbhcrashesbhofbhthebhgrousebhpopulations

Inbhabhsentencebhorbhtwo,bhexplainbhwhatbhisbhmeantbhbybh"herdbhimmunity."bh(B)bhWhybhmight

itbhbebhimportantbhforbhhumanbhsocietiesbhto

mandatebhimmunizationbhagainstbhsevere

infectiousbhdiseasesbhlikebhwhoopingbhcough?bh-bhcorrectbhanswers-
Herdbhimmunitybhrefersbhtobhthebhconditionbhwherebhunvaccinatedbhindividualsbharebhprotectedbhfrombhdisease
bhepidemicsbhinbhabhpopulationbhwherebhvaccinationbhratesbharebhsufficientlybhhighbhthatbhepidemicsbhcannotbho

ccurbh(i.e.,bhwherebhthebhproportionbhofbhvaccinatedbhindividualsbhsatisfiesbhthebhcondition:bhp>1-1R0).

Mandatorybhimmunizationbhisbhespeciallybhimportantbhwherebh100%bhimmunizationbhofbhthebhhostbhpopulatio
nbhisbhnotbhpossiblebhorbhwherebhthebhyoungestbhindividualsbhcannotbhbebhimmunizedbheffectivelybh(e.g.,bhbecau
sebhofbhtheirbhimmaturebhimmunebhsystems)bhbutbhare

vulnerablebhtobhseverebhformsbhofbhthebhinfectiousbhdisease.

Inbhclassbhwebhworkedbhthroughbhanbhexperimentbhthatbhdemonstratedbhthatbhmutualismsbhbasedbhonbhresourc
ebhexchangebhcanbhworkbhwhenbhonebhorganismbhisbhparticularlybhgoodbhatbhsecuringbhonebhessentialbhresourceb
h(C)bhandbhanotherbhorganismbhisbhparticularlybhgoodbhatbhsecuringbhabhdifferentbhessentialbhresourcebh(P).bhThebh

organismsbhcanbhbothbhincreasebhtheirbhreproductivebhsuccessbhbybhtradingbhwithbheachbhother.bh

Canbhmutualismsbhbasedbhonbhresourcebhexchangebhstillbhbebhfavoredbhbybhnaturalbhselectionbhifbhonebhofbhthebho
rganismsbhisbhnotbhbetter,bhinbhanbhabsolutebhsense,bhatbhsecuringbheitherbhofbhthebhtwobhresources?bhUsebhtableb
hbelowbhtobhanswerbhquestion.bhNotebhthatbhSpeciesbhBbhnowbhharvestsbhlessbhCbhand

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