ALL CASES FOR
Ebersole and Hess Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging in Canada, 3rd Edition by
veronique boscart
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview will cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business taxation.---###
Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole
Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for
debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates.
Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners
(shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on
ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship,
partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Income
is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income
and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at
the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: -
By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1.
Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting
recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash
flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and
necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals
are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**:
- Examples include the
Chapter 03 Communicating with Older Adults
PN Case Study: Visual and Auditory Changes
Mrs. Nicholas is a participant in day programming at her local community centre. The nurse
attends a once-weekly session where the focus is on health teaching with a small group of older
persons. The nurse has observed through previous weeks that Mrs. Nicholas has begun sitting in
the front row but has become progressively less engaged in the discussions during the sessions.
The nurse has also recently noticed some disagreements Mrs. Nicholas and her peer group.
Match the following definitions regarding hearing impairment to the appropriate term:
A. Hearing loss Diminished quality of life, social isolation,
suspicion/paranoia
B. Consequences of hearing A setting within which concern regarding hearing loss is
loss more significant, as the majority of clients experience
hearing impairment
C. Hearing screening Usually involves external and middle-ear abnormalities
that reduce transmission of sound to the middle ear
D. Long-term Care (LTC) A prevalent, persistent condition, and the most common
sensory impairment in Canadians over 60 years of age.
E. Conductive hearing loss Hearing loss resulting from damage to any part of the
inner ear, or neural pathways to the brain
F. Sensorineural hearing loss Recommended as part of routine primary care for older
adults, yet rarely done
, Answer Key:
A. Hearing loss Diminished quality of life, social isolation,
suspicion/paranoia B__
B. Consequences of hearing A setting within which concern regarding hearing loss is
loss more significant, as the majority of clients experience
hearing impairment D
C. Hearing screening Usually involves external and middle-ear abnormalities
that reduce transmission of sound to the middle ear E
D. Long-term Care (LTC) A prevalent, persistent condition, and the most common
sensory impairment in Canadians over 60 years of age.
A
E. Conductive hearing loss Hearing loss resulting from damage to any part of the
inner ear, or neural pathways to the brain F
F. Sensorineural hearing loss Recommended as part of routine primary care for older
adults, yet rarely done C
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview will cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business taxation.---###
Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole
Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for
debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates.
Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners
(shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on
ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship,
partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Income
is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income
and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at
the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: -
By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1.
Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting
recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash
flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and
necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals
are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**:
- Examples include the
Rationale:
Hearing loss is a prevalent, persistent condition in older Canadians, and the most common
sensory impairment in Canadians over 60 years of age. Hearing loss increases after the age of 40.
Quality of life and communication are diminished with hearing loss and is associated with many
negative outcomes. Some of these include decreased function, miscommunication, social
isolation, depression, safety risks, and reduced income and employment opportunities. Hearing
impairment may cause an older person to become suspicious, distrustful, or display paranoid
thoughts; inappropriate communication may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of cognitive
impairment. Hearing impairment is underdiagnosed and undertreated in older adults. Screening
impairment and appropriate treatment is considered an essential part of primary care for older
adults, yet it is rarely done. Hearing loss tends to be overlooked as a geriatric syndrome, and is of
particular concern in LTC homes, where the majority of residents are affected. Conductive
hearing loss usually involves the external and middle-ear abnormalities that reduce transmission
of sound to the middle ear, as seen in otosclerosis, infection, perforation of the eardrum, or
fluid/cerumen accumulation. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to any part of the
, inner ear or neural pathways to the brain, as seen in presbycusis.
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview will cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business
taxation.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations
and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also
means personal liability for debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed
at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide
limited liability protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand,
are pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An
LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for
effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant
personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which
can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are
restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as
partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be
reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting
recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax
liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent,
utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for
effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the
Chapter 8 Nutritional Needs
PN Case Study: Unintentional Weight Loss
Mr. O'Sullivan is a 94-year-old resident at a long-term care (LTC) home. He was admitted to the
LTC home four months ago following hospitalization for pneumonia. He has a history of
Parkinson’s disease, multi-infarct dementia, and hypertension. During care, he grabs at the
stethoscopes and hair of caregivers and will not let go. He grinds his teeth together and makes
repetitive sounds. When in bed, he lays in the fetal position and grabs at covers while grimacing.
He tries to feed himself yet benefits more when fed by assistive personnel. Mr. O'Sullivan is 6’4”
tall (193 cm) and weighs 140 lbs (63.5 kg) with BMI 17.04 kg/m2. Last month, he weighed 150
lbs with BMI 18.26 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 145/88 mm Hg, heart rate 92 beats per minute,
respirations 16 breaths per minute, and temperature 97.3°F (36.3°C). Medications include
carbidopa/levodopa 25 mg/250 mg three times daily; pramipexole 1.5 mg three times daily;
memantine 10 mg twice daily; donepezil 10 mg each evening; clopidogrel 75 mg daily; aspirin
81 mg daily; valsartan 160 mg daily; acetaminophen 500 mg every 4 hours as needed for pain.
Lab work reveals:
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/Creatinine: 28 mg/dL / 1.6 mg/dL
Sodium: 145 mEq/L
Potassium: 5.2 mgEq/L
Hemoglobin/Hematocrit: 120 g/L / 0.36 L/L
WBC: 11.0 x 10^9/L
Lymphocytes: 40%
Cholesterol: 140 mg/dL
Albumin: 3.0 g/dL
Prealbumin: 10 mg/dL
Transferrin: 180 mg/dL
