BIOLOGY 2C03 – Genetics Midterm exam 2
tips (actual guide questions and answers)
McMaster University
,Genetics - a subfeild of biology that investigates how genotypic and phenotypic variations in
organisms are inherited
-critical role in personalized medicine
-drug design development
gene - a region of DNA that helps determine a characteristic
allele - one of two or more alternate versions of a gene
locus - specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele
genotype - combination of alleles at one or more loci possessed by an individual
heterozygote - An individual organism possessing two different alleles at the same locus
homozygote - an indvidual organism possessing the same alleles at the same locus
phenotype - aka trait
the appearance or manifestation of a character
How long have humans been aware of genetics and how - 10,000 years via selective breeding
,Types of genetics - transmission : investigates the transmission of traits from generation to
generation
molecular genetics: studies the inheritance, variation and expression of proteins and nucleic
acids
evolutionary genetics: studies the origins of and genetic relationships between organisms
Pedigree Analysis - whether a specific phenotypic trait is controlled by autosome or sex
chromosome
How did modern genetics develop - rediscovery of mendels findings--> chromosomes viewed
during cell division-->chromosomal theory of inheritance--> DNA identified as hereditary
material-->structure--> replication--> translation/transcription-->cloning and recombinant
DNA--> genomics era-->proteomics/transcriptomics
Prokaryotes - -haploid
-one chromosome(circular)
-asexual reprod(mitosis)
-coding sequence is not disrupted
eukaryotes - -diploid
-compartmentalized
-multiple chromosomes(linear)
-sexual reprod (meiosis, production of gametes)
-nucleus
-coding sequence is disrupted by introns which must be removed before translation
, gel electrophoresis - -assay variation of genome at DNA, mRNA, protein levels
based on charge, shape, size using electric feild
- move to + end of plate due to - charge on bio molecules
- used first by linus pauling for sickle cell anemia
2 types of gel electrophoresis - -agarose gel: easy to make, not good resolution
-polyacrylamide gel: high resolution: differences at individual base pairs are distinguishable
DNA Stain - Ethidium Bromide binds to sugar phosphate bb of NA
- fluoresces under UV
Protein Stain - Coomassie Brilliant Blue
Southern Blot - DNA transfer named after Edwin Southern
-hybridizes DNA +DNA
Western Blot - proteins
-hybridizes protein + protein
Northern - mRNA
-hybridizes DNA +mRNA
Blotting - The transfer of DNA or proteins from an electrophoresis gel to a durable synthetic
membrane material
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