Nitroglycerin, a drug used to treat angina is effective in
this condition because its most prominent effect is to...
A. Increase preload
B. Increase afterload
C. Increase contractility
D. Decrease preload
E. Decrease afterload
F. Decrease contractility - ANSWERD. Decrease preload
80y ol...
Nitroglycerin, a drug used to treat angina is effective in
this condition because its most prominent effect is to...
A. Increase preload
B. Increase afterload
C. Increase contractility
D. Decrease preload
E. Decrease afterload
F. Decrease contractility - ANSWERD. Decrease preload
80y old male comes to your office complaining of dyspnea on exertion and syncope during extreme
workouts . Upon auscultation you hear a cresendo decresndo
systolic murmur on the right 2nd intercostal space that radiates to the
Which vessels have the largest cross sectional area? - ANSWERCapillaries
Where in the vascular system is blood the slowest? - ANSWERCapillaries
What intervention would normally be beneficial to a patient with acute pulmonary edema?
,A. Infuse a vasoconstrictor drug
B. Infuse a balanced electrolyte solution
C. Administer a strong diuretic
D. Administer a bronchoconstrictor
E. Infuse whole blood - ANSWERC. Administer a strong diuretic
Morbidly obese man with hypertension, diabetes, and an MRI showing a narrowing in the Circle of
Willis, suggests atherosclerosis. Thrombolytic therapy is administered. In this patient, you would
expect increased blood flow to the ischemic area due to which of the following?
A. Increase in MAP
B. Reactive Hyperemia
C. Active Hyperemia
D. Increased Resistance
E. Hypertension - ANSWER
Teen girl has orange tonsils and enlarged liver & spleen. ABCA1 transporter defect. Which
enzyme/proteins is deficient of its substrate?
A. LPL in capillaries
B. LCAT
C. Hepatic lipase
D. Acetyl CoA acyltransferase
E. MTP - ANSWERB. LCAT
Woman has elevated serum TAG & cholesterol levels, but normal HDL-C. What abnormality is present
in this patient?
A. Hyperchylomiccronemia (Type I)
B. Hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa)
C. Combined hyperlipidemia (Type IIb)
D.Hypoalphalipoproteinema
E. Abetalipoproteinemia - ANSWERC. Combined hyperlipidemia (Type IIb)
,A. -> No, because High TAGs
B. -> No, because High choleresterol
C. -> No, because Low HDL-C
Afterload reducing drugs -> The Ca ++ channel antagonists decrease g Ca during the
action potential. By reducing the amount of Ca ++ that
enters the myocardial cells during phase 2, these
drugs diminish cardiac contractility and are negative
inotropic agents (see Figure 2-15). These drugs also
diminish the contraction of the vascular smooth mus-
cle by suppressing Ca ++ entry caused by depolariza-
tion or by neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine,
and thereby induce arterial vasodilation. This effect
reduces the counterforce (afterload) that opposes
the propulsion of blood from the ventricles into the
arterial system, as explained in Chapters 4 and 5.
Hence vasodilator drugs, such as the Ca ++ channel
antagonists, are often referred to as afterload reduc-
ing drugs. This ability to diminish the counterforce.
Soon after coronary artery occlusion, the interstitial fluid K + concentration rose substantially in the f
- ANSWERC is correct.?When?the?extracellular?K + ?concentration increases,? the? Nernst?
equation? indicates? that? the? transmembrane?potential?will?become?less?negative.
2. The attending physician was alerted to the possibility of an arrhythmia because the high
extracellular K + concentration could:
a. directly increase the entry of Na + through fast Na + channels.
b. hyperpolarize the resting membrane.
c. increase the rate of slow diastolic depolarization in SA node cells.
d. slow conduction velocity by reducing Na + channel availability.
, e. decrease the release of norepinephrine from cardiac sympathetic nerves. - ANSWER2. ? d?is?
correct.?When?the?extracellular?K + ?concentration?increases?and?depolarizes?the?membrane,?
the rate?of?rise?of?the?action?potential?is?diminished because?some?Na + ?channels?are?
inactivated?by?the persistent?depolarization.
3. The most likely mechanism responsible for the patient's arterial pulse rate of about 40 beats/ min
after impulse conduction through the AV junction was blocked is:
a. excitation of the ventricles via an AV bypass tract.
b. conversion of ventricular myocardial fibers to automatic cells.
c. firing of ventricular ectopic cells that have the same electrophysiological characteristics as SA node
cells.
d firing of automatic cells (Purkinje fibers) in the specialized conduction system of the ventricles.
e. excitation of ventricular cells by the rhythmic activity in the autonomic neurons that innervate the
heart. - ANSWERD is correct.? The? Purkinje? fibers? are? automatic fibers,?and?they?generate?
action?potentials?at?a?low frequency?whenever?they?are?not?depolarized?by action? potentials?
that? originate? in? higher frequency?pacemaker?sites.
4. While the heart was being paced, the cardiologist discontinued ventricular pacing periodically to
test the patient's cardiac status. The cardiologist found that the ventricles did not begin beating
spontaneously until about 5 to 10 s after cessation of pacing, because the preceding period of pacing
led to:
a. overdrive suppression of the automatic cells in the ventricles.
b. release of norepinephrine from the cardiac sympathetic nerves.
c. release of neuropeptide Y from the cardiac sympathetic nerves.
d. fatigue of the ventricular myocytes.
e. release of acetylcholine from the cardiac parasympathetic nerves. - ANSWERA is correct. When
ventricular pacing at 75 beats per minute was discontinued, spontaneous pace maker activity in the
ventricles was suppressed for several seconds because the preceding period of artificial pacing had
hyperpolarized the ventricular pacemaker cells (Purkinje fibers).
26. During excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac myocytes,
(A) Calcium binds to myosin causing ATP hydrolysis
(B) Calcium binds to troponin-I
(C) Myosin heads bind to actin
(D) SERCA pumps calcium out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERAnswer: C. Because a myosin-
binding site is exposed on the actin after calcium binds to TN-C. Choices "A" and "B" are incorrect
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